Corrosion Failure Mechanism of Associated Gas Transmission Pipeline

Zhao, Weimin; Zhang, Timing; Wang, Yonglin; Qiao, Jian-Hua; Wang, Zerui

doi:10.3390/ma11101935

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Most of the LIs that were detected and identified as fossil in Hamburg are in close proximity to the natural gas distribution pipelines (Table S14). Investigation of the pipeline material shows that most of NGDN emissions are due to leaks from steel pipelines (Table S15), which are more prone to leakage because of pipeline corrosion (Zhao et al, 2018). Nevertheless, only 7 of the 30 LIs (23%) that were positively attributed to fossil CH4 were detected and fixed by the LDC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane mapping, emission quantification and attribution in two European cities; Utrecht, NL and Hamburg, DE

Maazallahi¹,

Menoud²,

Zavala-Araiza³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Characterizing and attributing methane (CH4) emissions across varying scales is important from environmental, safety, and economic perspectives, and is essential for designing and evaluating effective mitigation strategies. Mobile real-time measurements of CH4 in ambient air offer a fast and effective method to identify and quantify local CH4 emissions in urban areas. We carried out extensive campaigns to measure CH4 mole fractions at the street level in Utrecht, The Netherlands (2018 and 2019) and Hamburg, Germany (2018). One hundred and forty five leak indications (LIs, i.e., methane enhancements of more than 10 % above background levels) were detected in Hamburg and 81 in Utrecht. Measurements of the ethane / methane ratio (C2 / C1), methane / carbon dioxide ratio (CH4 / CO2), and CH4 isotope composition (δ13C and δD) show that in Hamburg about 1/3 of the LIs, and in Utrecht 2/3 of the LIs (based on a limited set of C2/C1 measurements), were of fossil fuel origin. We find that in both cities the largest emission rates in the identified LI distribution are from fossil fuel sources. In Hamburg, the lower emission rates in the identified LI distribution are often associated with biogenic characteristics, and partly combustion. Extrapolation of detected LI rates along the roads driven to the gas distribution pipes in the entire road network yields total emissions from sources that can be quantified in the street-level surveys of 440 ± 70 t/yr from all sources in Hamburg, and 150 ± 50 t/yr for Utrecht. In Hamburg, C2/C1, CH4/CO2, and isotope-based source attribution analyses shows that 50–80 % of all emissions originate from the natural gas distribution network, in Utrecht more limited attribution indicates that 70–90 % of the emissions are of fossil origin. Our results confirm previous observations that a few large LIs, creating a heavy tail, are responsible for a significant proportion of fossil CH4 emissions. In Utrecht, 1/3 of total emissions originated from one LI and in Hamburg > 1/4 from 2 LIs. In Hamburg, the local gas utility detected only 20 % of the LIs that were identified as from a fossil source, but the largest leaks were located and fixed quickly once the LIs were shared.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane mapping, emission quantification and attribution in two European cities; Utrecht, NL and Hamburg, DE

Maazallahi¹,

Menoud²,

Zavala-Araiza³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Corrosion testing of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth group specimens was carried out by immersing them into the solutions contained of 0, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (w/w) NaCl, respectively, during the experimental period of 1800 h (75 d). A continuous supply of compressed air was carried out during the immersion process to ensure the NaCl solutions contained sufficient oxygen as a precondition of the corrosion process of steel progresses [23,24]. Each specimen of low-carbon steel immersed in the NaCl solution with a pH of 7.2 was left at room temperature.…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Experimental Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The empirical prediction of weight change and corrosion rate of low-carbon steel

Ali

Fulazzaky

2020

Heliyon

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Understanding the corrosion rate of metallic building materials is very important to maximize their beneficial use of public facilities. Direct measurements of the weight change and corrosion rate would be time consuming and expensive. This study aims to develop new empirical models based on the experimental data of testing 25 specimens immersed in five different environments for predicting the weight change and corrosion rate of the low-carbon steel. Using the equation developed based on the correlation between corrosion rate and chloride ion concentration is able to predict the corrosion rate of low-carbon steel at the limited chloride ion concentration. An increase in the trend lines of plotting the modeled and measured weight change of low-carbon steel versus immersion time is very similar to each other and progressively increase with increasing of the NaCl concentration. The corrosion rate of low-carbon steel increases from 0.202 to 0.286 mm/y with increasing of the NaCl concentration from 0 to 5% (w/w) in aqueous solution. The weight change and corrosion rate of the steel material are predicted using the new empirical models to contribute to the most reliable applications of low-carbon steel building materials in the future.

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“…Three types of corrosion defects, namely, deposit corrosion, cavitation corrosion and uniform corrosion, are considered. These defects are artificially milled and deposited on the inner surface of the pipeline based on the specifications of the common defects reported in the literature [10,42,43,44]. Initially, the deposit corrosion defect is used for the calibration of the inspection method.…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Real-Time, Non-Contact Method for In-Line Inspection of Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Optical Sensor Array

Sampath

Bhattacharya

Aryan

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Corrosion is considered as one of the most predominant causes of pipeline failures in the oil and gas industry and normally cannot be easily detected at the inner surface of pipelines without service disruption. The real-time inspection of oil and gas pipelines is extremely vital to mitigate accidents and maintenance cost as well as to improve the oil and gas transport efficiency. In this paper, a new, non-contact optical sensor array method for real-time inspection and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of pipelines is presented. The proposed optical method consists of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to send light and receive reflected light from the inner surface of pipelines. The uniqueness of the proposed method lies in its accurate detection as well as its localization of corrosion defects, based on the utilization of optical sensor array in the pipeline, and also the flexibility with which this system can be adopted for pipelines with different services, sizes, and materials, as well as the method’s economic viability. Experimental studies are conducted considering corrosion defects with different features and dimensions to confirm the robustness and accuracy of the method. The obtained data are processed with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for noise cancelation and feature extraction. The estimated sizes of the corrosion defects for different physical parameters, such as inspection speed and lift-off distance, are investigated and, finally, some preliminary tests are conducted based on the implementation of the proposed method on an in-line developed smart pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) for in-line inspection (ILI) application, with resulting success.

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Corrosion Failure Mechanism of Associated Gas Transmission Pipeline

Cited by 39 publications

References 43 publications

Methane mapping, emission quantification and attribution in two European cities; Utrecht, NL and Hamburg, DE

Methane mapping, emission quantification and attribution in two European cities; Utrecht, NL and Hamburg, DE

The empirical prediction of weight change and corrosion rate of low-carbon steel

A Real-Time, Non-Contact Method for In-Line Inspection of Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Optical Sensor Array

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