Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Corrosion-Resistant Rebars in Concrete Structures Under Chloride Ion Attack

Corrosion resistance of chromium‐steel and stainless steel reinforcement in concrete

“…The threshold of the A1035 CS reinforcement grade has shown to be lower than a Cl − /OH − of 2.9 for three of these specimens while the other two specimens showed a threshold lower than a Cl − /OH − of 5. This represents a threshold higher than that typically reported for carbon‐steel, but lower than that reported for stainless steel, which agrees with the findings of others . It is also of interest to note the remarkable difference between the low nickel, high manganese, XM‐28 series, and other nickel‐bearing stainless‐steel grades investigated.…”

“…These reinforcements have shown a higher resistance to corrosion compared to carbon-steel; due to the incorporation of chromium, with its well-established advantageous effect on the passive film properties. [5][6][7][8][9][10] The extent of this enhancement compared to that provided by stainless-steel is currently not well established. The range of threshold enhancement has shown a scatter, with authors reporting an enhancement ranging from as low as two to as high as five times that of carbon-steel.…”

“…The range of threshold enhancement has shown a scatter, with authors reporting an enhancement ranging from as low as two to as high as five times that of carbon-steel. [6,7,9,10] On the other hand, a study by Pillai and Trejo [8] has shown that these reinforcements have approximately the same mean chloride threshold as that of stainless steel grade 304 (4.6 kg/m 3 for chromium-alloyed steel and 5.0 kg/m 3 for grade 304), with a threshold of 9.6 times that of carbon-steel. If these reinforcements can be in the same threshold range as stainless steel, the high cost of using alloyed-reinforcements could be overcome, and could lead to substantial savings in overall life cycle cost when compared with other reinforcement options.…”

Inhibition and compressive-strength performance of Na2Cr2O7and C10H14N2Na2O8·2H2O in steel-reinforced concrete in corrosive environments

“…However, corrosion attack of steel-reinforcement in concrete is initiated by natural and artificial agents in the service environment of the concrete, which could include carbonation, chloride ingress, and acidic sulphate attack. While carbonation attack in steel-reinforced concrete could be linked to the atmosphere of the concrete service-environment, chloride ingress could be due to natural marine salt in the coastal region or artificial de-icing salt in the temperate region (Mohamed et al 2013;Shi et al 2012;Zafeiropoulou et al 2011). Acidic sulphate attack could result from microbial activities in sewage or other groundwater or acid rain from industrial environment (Gerengi et al 2013;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2012).…”

“…Acidic sulphate attack could result from microbial activities in sewage or other groundwater or acid rain from industrial environment (Gerengi et al 2013;Li et al 2014;Tang et al 2012). By-products from the attack of these environmental agents are expansive within concrete, culminating in stresses that lead to physical degradation features in the form of cracks, spalling, delamination and reduced load bearing integrity of concrete structures (Mohamed et al 2013;Tang et al 2012;Charles et al 2011;Zafeiropoulou et al 2011). These lead to costly budget, globally, for maintenance, rehabilitation and repairs for prolonging service life of concrete structures and ensuring safety of life and properties (Mohamed et al 2013;Li et al 2014;Shi et al 2012).…”