“…186 The technique has been used to create microporous or "spongy" titanium surfaces for biomedical applications, 187 nanoporous "coral-like" titanium dioxide layers for catalytic applications, 188 creation of osseointegrative layers through post ASD exposure to calcium phosphate solutions for tooth implants, 189 barrier layers with high hardness on valve metals, 190 and corrosion-resistant multicomponent coatings for magnesium alloy surfaces. 191 In general, it is possible to achieve thick coatings quickly, with high microhardness, excellent adhesion, and improved wear and corrosion resistance using ASD (and related microarc methods). Problems with the technique can include difficulties in control of phases formed and composition (as the apparent heating would not be uniform), the need to use an aqueous electrochemical cell of some sort (limiting size and geometry), and the relatively high voltages used.…”