“…One of the most valuable aspects of ion implantation consists in creating surface layers with enhanced wear or corrosion resistance without significant dimensional changes. For instance, creation of nitrides through nitrogen implantation, near-surface TiC through implantation of Ti followed by C, or ion beam mixing of thin RF-deposited surface layers of Al, Si, Mo, and W into steel, all result in geometric changes of less than 100 nm, yet combined with significant improvements in wear and friction properties (Halada and Clayton, 2012).…”