Cortical activation abnormalities in bipolar and schizophrenia patients in a combined oddball–incongruence paradigm

Abstract

Patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia often suffer from severe cognitive impairment even during times of remission. This study investigated the pathomechanisms underlying their deficits in cognitive control. A combined oddball–incongruence fMRI task was applied to examine similarities and differences of neural activation patterns between patients and healthy controls. Bipolar and schizophrenia patients demonstrated hyperactivations in the intraparietal cortex during the oddball condition. Furthermore, bipolar patients revealed diagnosis-specific hyperactivation in the left middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, anteroventral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex regions compared to schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals. In comparison to healthy controls the patients showed hypoactivations in the inferior frontal junction and ventral pathway during the cognitively more demanding incongruence. Taken together, bipolar patients seem to recruit frontal and parietal areas during the oddball condition to compensate for potential deficits in their attentional network. During more challenging tasks, i.e., the incongruence condition, their compensatory mechanisms seem to collapse leading to hypoactivations in the same frontal areas as well as the ventral pathway.

Genetic polymorphism and neuroanatomical changes in schizophrenia

“…There is significant evidence regarding the functional connectivity of neural networks connecting brain regions in patients with schizophrenia. Research conducted with transcranial magnetic stimulation technology has demonstrated that there is a malfunction of cortical networks [ 131 , 132 ] thus leading to severe cognitive dysfunction. The occurrence of these abnormalities is determined, most of the time, by the expression of genetic polymorphisms or mutations [ 133 ].…”