Cortical plasticity as a basis of phantom limb pain: Fact or fiction?

Andoh, Jamila; Milde, Christopher; Tsao, Jack W.; Flor, Herta

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.015

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Other paradigms using active facial movements indicate relatively stable representation, with little activity in the missing hand area from facial movements (Kikkert, Johansen-Berg, Tracey, & Makin, 2018;Makin et al, 2013), and shifts of representation documented only locally within the face area (Makin et al, 2015;Raffin, Richard, Giraux, & Reilly, 2016). Some have interpreted the presence or absence of spatial position shifts for the facial map in the light of different stimulation protocols (Andoh, Milde, Tsao, & Flor, 2018;Flor, Diers, & Andoh, 2013), e.g., due to different underlying processes such as the engagement of different cortical layers in the SI microcircuit (Petreanu et al, 2012 ; though see Philip, Valyear, Cirstea, & Frey, 2017;Striem-Amit, Vannuscorps, & Caramazza, 2018; more on cortical layers below). However, our results here suggest that active and passive tasks elicit spatially overlapping somatotopies.…”

Section: General Consistency In Spatial Location Of Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex

Sanders

Wesselink

Dempsey-Jones

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Scientists traditionally use passive stimulation to examine organisational properties of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Recent research has, however, emphasised the close and bidirectional relationship between somatosensory and motor systems. This suggests active contributions (e.g., direct inputs from the motor system to SI) should also be considered when studying SI representations. Under such a framework, discrepant results are possible when different tasks are used to study the same underlying somatosensory representation. Here we examined whether SI hand representation is consistent when compared between active and passive tasks. Moreover, we ask whether this holds when task demands and stimulus properties are not directly matched. Using 7T fMRI, we examined three key digit representation features -spatial location, activity gradient profiles and multivariate representational structure. We show that although activity was increased overall in the active task, all key features of digit somatotopy were consistent over tasks, using both traditional univariate (activity-level) and multivariate (pattern structure) measurements. Despite overall comparability, when investigating fine-grained features of somatotopy using multivariate analysis, the active task was superior for individuating the representation across digits. We suggest that the information produced by an active task is more aligned with typical, ecologically relevant patterns of hand sensory input, resulting in more optimal SI activity patterns. Our findings validate the utilisation of active tasks for studying SI somatotopy.

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Section: General Consistency In Spatial Location Of Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex

Sanders

Wesselink

Dempsey-Jones

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…It might alternatively reflect the fact that nociceptive input has a different impact on plasticity occurring in the motor and in the sensory areas. The complexity of the different functional contexts (sensory versus sensorimotor) and different methods used to assess cortical reorganization, as well as the various sources of plasticity following amputation, have been highlighted in a recent review paper [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pain on deafferentation-induced modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials

et al. 2018

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There is a large body of evidence showing substantial sensorimotor reorganizations after an amputation. These reorganizations are believed to contribute to the development of phantom limb pain, but alternatively, pain might influence the plasticity triggered by the deafferentation. The aim of this study was to test whether pain impacts on deafferentation-induced plasticity in the somatosensory pathways. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in 2 experimental sessions (Pain, No Pain) in which somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) associated with electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve were assessed before and after temporary ischemic deafferentation induced by inflation of a cuff around the wrist. In the Pain session capsaicin cream was applied on the dorsum of the hand 30 minutes prior to cuff inflation. Results show that pain decreased the amplitude of the N20 (main effect of condition, p = 0.033), with a similar trend for the P25. Temporary ischemic deafferentation had a significant effect on SSEPs (main effect of time), with an increase in the P25 (p = 0.013) and the P45 amplitude (p = 0.005), together with a reduction of the P90 amplitude (p = 0.002). Finally, a significant time x condition interaction, reflecting state-dependent plasticity, was found for the P90 only, the presence of pain decreasing the reduction of amplitude observed in response to deafferentation. In conclusion, these results show that nociceptive input can influence the plasticity induced by a deafferentation, which could be a contributing factor in the cortical somatosensory reorganization observed in chronic pain populations.

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“…According to this, we believe that pain experienced by docked cows is similar to human phantom limb pain, which has also been associated with neuroma formation (Nikolajsen 2012). Phantom limb pain has been vastly studied in humans (Schley et al 2008;Andoh et al 2017;Yin et al 2017). In cases of phantom limb pain, characteristic chronic neuropathic pain occurs in the amputation stump; and although this pain may decrease or eventually disappear over time, if continues for more than 6 month, the prognosis for pain decrease is poor (Kuffler 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

Troncoso

Herzberg

Meneses

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background. Tail docking of dairy cows is a painful procedure that affects animal welfare. The aims of this study were first to evaluate the response to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and second to determine the superficial temperature of the stump of tail-docked dairy cows. Methods. One hundred and sixty four dairy cows were enrolled. From these, 133 cows were assigned to the tail-docked group (TD) and 31 cows were selected as control animals (C). The following sensory assessments to evaluate pain in tail-docked cows were performed. Sensitivity of the tail region in both groups of animals was evaluated using a portable algometer. Cold and heat sensitivity assessment was performed using a frozen pack (0ºC) and warm water (45ºC), respectively. Pinprick sensitivity was evaluated using a Wartenberg neurological pinwheel. Superficial temperature was evaluated using a thermographic camera. All sensory assessments and superficial temperature were evaluated in the ventral surface of the tail stump (TD) and tail (C). Results. Analysis revealed a significant effect of condition on the pressure pain threshold with significantly lower values necessary to obtain a withdrawal response in TD cows (5.97±0.19 kg) compared to C cows (11.75±0.43 kg). Chi Square test revealed that there was a significant association between heat sensitivity and condition with 29.3% of TD cows responding positively. Nonetheless, no association was found between condition and cold sensitivity. Similarly, after pinprick sensitivity test was performed, 93.2% of TD cows elicited a positive response to stimulation. This sensory testing was significantly associated with the condition. There was a significant effect of condition on superficial temperature, where TD cows had significantly lower temperature (26.43±0.27 ºC) when compared to C animals (29.86±0.62 ºC). Discussion. Pressure pain threshold values in both groups of animals were higher that those previously reported for tail docked pigs, sows and cows. In contrast, pinprick stimulation evaluates the presence of punctate mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia, usually related to traumatic nerve injury, and this association may reveal that it is possible that these animals developed a disorder associated to the development of a tail stump neuroma and concurrent neuropathic pain, previously reported in tail-docked lambs, pigs and dogs. Thermal sensitivity showed that tail-docked cows responded positively only to heat stimulation. These findings suggest that long-term tail-docked cows could be suffering hyperalgesia/allodynia, which may be indicative of chronic pain. Lower superficial temperature in the stump may be associated to sympathetic fiber sprouting in the distal stump, which can lead to vasoconstriction and lower surface temperatures. Further studies are needed in order to confirm neuroma development and adrenergic sprouting.

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Cortical plasticity as a basis of phantom limb pain: Fact or fiction?

Cited by 44 publications

References 73 publications

Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex

Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex

Effect of pain on deafferentation-induced modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials

Mechanical/thermal sensitivity and superficial temperature in the stump of long-term tail-docked dairy cows

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