Cosmic ray hadron flux at sea level up to 15 TeV

Abstract

Using a prototype of a large hadron calorimeter, vertical cosmic ray hadrons were recorded and the all-hadron flux was measured in the range from 5 GeV to 10 TeV. Hadron reconstruction and identification are described. We observe a vertical flux of dI/dEh=(1.59+or-0.24)*10-5(Eh/100 GeV)-2.72+or-0.10 (m2 s sr GeV)-1. The flux compares well with values obtained in other experiments. Total inelastic cross sections for protons scattered by nuclei in air are deduced from the unaccompanied hadron flux and compared with the values reported by other authors.

Measurement of the cosmic ray hadron spectrum up to 30 TeV at mountain altitude: the primary proton spectrum

“…Its reliability to reproduce the present data has been checked by comparing its predictions to the measured ratio of hadron fluxes at sea level (KASCADE [36], 1030 g/cm 2 ) and mountain altitude (EAS-TOP, 820 g/cm 2 ). Primary protons and helium nuclei were generated in quasi vertical direction θ ≤ 5 • , with energy spectra according to JACEE and RUNJOB [25,26] and the expected hadron fluxes at each observation level were calculated.…”

Measurement of the proton-air cross section with Telescope Array’s Middle Drum detector and surface array in hybrid mode

“…The result of this work is shown in comparison to other experimental results ( [28], [1], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [2], [34]). In addition, the high energy models (QGSJETII.4, QGSJET01, SIBYLL, EPOS-LHC) cross section predictions are also shown by solid line, fine dashed line, dotted line, and dashed line consecutively.…”

“…The result of the proton-air cross section is then compared to the results obtained from various experimental results ( [28], [1], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [2], [34]) Figures 7. In addition, the experimental results of the high energy models (QGSJETII.4, QGSJET01, SIBYLL, EPOS-LHC) cross section predictions are also included. This includes the statistical (outer/thinner error bar) and the systematic (inner/thicker error bar).…”

Measurement of the proton-air cross-section with the Pierre Auger Observatory

“…The X max -distribution is unbiased by the fiducial geometry selection applied in the range of the fit. Right panel: resulting prod p−air compared to other measurements (see [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] for references) and model predictions. The inner error bars are statistical, while the outer are the sum of statistic and systematic uncertainties in quadrature.…”