Cost-effective technology choice in a decarbonized and diversified long-haul truck transportation sector: A U.S. case study

Mauler, Lukas; Dahrendorf, Laureen; Duffner, Fabian; Winter, Martin; Leker, Jens

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103891

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Batteries are taking center stage in the transition of the mobility sector towards climate-neutrality, 1 since they represent a locally CO 2free alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles, 2,3 and can mitigate the generation variability of renewable energy sources in electricity supply. 4 The cost of lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the state-of-the-art technology in electric vehicles 5,6 and economically promising in stationary energy storage applications, 7 is considered too high to render battery-powered products fully competitive with their conventional counterparts, 8 even though it has decreased more than fivefold during the past decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological innovation vs. tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

et al. 2022

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technological innovation vs. tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

et al. 2022

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“…A small body of literature has examined the economic impact of ATs on TCO, although a multitude of research studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of ATs in the context of heavy-duty and long-haul truck transportation [6]. Overall, previous literature has confirmed overall TCO reduction from the perspective of freight transport operators.…”

Section: Background 21 Total Cost Of Operation Of Autonomous Trucksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, vehicles have the potential to improve their hours of service because they can travel around the clock without requiring drivers to take breaks. Mauler et al [6] found that ATs will be cost-competitive since they will eliminate mandatory break and rest times and reduce energy consumption.…”

Section: Background 21 Total Cost Of Operation Of Autonomous Trucksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost-Effectiveness of Introducing Autonomous Trucks: From the Perspective of the Total Cost of Operation in Logistics

Lee,

Cho,

Park

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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This study explored the economic influence of introducing fully autonomous trucks (ATs) on the total cost of operation (TCO) from the viewpoint of freight transport operators. We utilized the cost–benefit analysis and scenario planning frameworks using a case study of a middle-mile route between a port and a large logistics distribution center in South Korea, where an autonomous truck pilot project has been running for several years. We employed a data source obtained from Hanjin Transportation Co., LTD., which enables us to reflect the actual expenses of operating freight transportation in the context of the study route. The findings of this study indicate that ATs would attain substantial operation cost savings for freight transport operators across all five scenarios, ranging from the most pessimistic to the most optimistic. Specifically, results of the base scenario reveal that monthly TCO decreases by 56.25, 47.04, 42.97, and 41.73 percent for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively. The cost reduction per month was USD 2399 for a 1-ton truck, USD 2891 for a 5-ton truck, and USD 3438 for a 12-ton truck. Even in the most pessimistic scenario, the operation cost savings for operating with ATs in the route are USD 1415, USD 1642, USD 1985, and USD 2222 per month for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively. When factoring in changes in cost, the wage reduction for vehicle drivers was substantial (USD 2430, USD 2835, USD 3240, and USD 3645 for 1-, 5-, 12-, and 25-ton trucks, respectively). However, remote operation was a new cost factor that increased TCO, which increased by USD 243,384,357 in the base case. This study’s findings have multiple implications, including (1) informing economic efficiency and productivity of operating autonomous vehicles (AVs), (2) providing insights on indicative cost estimates for AV operations, (3) providing valuable information for making informed investment decisions, and (4) supporting the notion that freight transport is an especially attractive market for AVs.

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“…Several research studies show BETs' feasibility [13][14][15][16] and economic competitiveness [17][18][19] compared to today's diesel trucks. Previous work in the BET context deals with the topics of battery dimensioning [17,20,21] and cell selection [18,20,22]. However, the BET range that can be achieved while meeting payload and installation space requirements 2 of 25 is currently insufficient for long-haul transport with daily ranges up to 700 km without intermediate on-route charging [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing the Journey: Dynamic Charging Strategies for Battery Electric Trucks in Long-Haul Transport

Zähringer,

Teichert,

Balke

et al. 2024

Energies

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Battery electric trucks (BETs) represent a well-suited option for decarbonizing road freight transport to achieve climate targets in the European Union. However, lower ranges than the daily distance of up to 700 km make charging stops mandatory. This paper presents an online algorithm for optimal dynamic charging strategies for long-haul BET based on a dynamic programming approach. In several case studies, we investigate the advantages optimal strategies can bring compared to driver decisions. We further show which charging infrastructure characteristics in terms of charging power, density, and charging station availability should be achieved for BETs in long-haul applications to keep the additional time required for charging stops low. In doing so, we consider the dynamic handling of occupied charging stations for the first time in the context of BET. Our findings show that, compared to driver decisions, optimal charging strategies can reduce the time loss by half compared to diesel trucks. To keep the time loss compared to a diesel truck below 30 min a day, a BET with a 500 kWh battery would need a charging point every 50 km on average, a distributed charging power between 700 and 1500 kW, and an average charger availability above 75%. The presented method and the case studies’ results’ plausibility are interpreted within a comprehensive sensitivity analysis and subsequently discussed in detail. Finally, we transformed our findings into concrete recommendations for action for the efficient rollout of BETs in long-haul applications.

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Cost-effective technology choice in a decarbonized and diversified long-haul truck transportation sector: A U.S. case study

Cited by 33 publications

References 72 publications

Technological innovation vs. tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

Technological innovation vs. tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

Cost-Effectiveness of Introducing Autonomous Trucks: From the Perspective of the Total Cost of Operation in Logistics

Optimizing the Journey: Dynamic Charging Strategies for Battery Electric Trucks in Long-Haul Transport

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