Technological innovation <i>vs.</i> tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

Mauler, Lukas; Lou, Xixue; Duffner, Fabian; Leker, Jens

doi:10.1039/d1ya00052g

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…11 As other components of the price are prone to reduction because of technological advancements, the share of raw material costs in battery price could rise further. 12 Battery prices would thus become increasingly sensitive to the fluctuation of materials prices. We recommend the following measures to suppress large-scale market volatility.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom

Sun

Ouyang²,

Hao³

2022

Joule

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Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom

Sun

Ouyang²,

Hao³

2022

Joule

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In Figure 3a, Mauler el. calculated and evaluated raw material markets (lithium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and graphite) in regard to future cell development [7]. Their roadmap study integrated both cost restrictions and material price expectations throughout 2030.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other relevant domestic materials with increased demand include iron (steel), aluminum, and rare-earth elements. The criticality of minerals and demand for them from low-carbon technologies, especially EVs and energy storage, will put significant pressure on supply chains [7]. Lithium, cobalt, and graphite carry additional risks, since future demand for them will be disproportionately greater than their current production capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Current and Future Outlook of Battery Chemistries for Electric Vehicles—Mini Review

et al. 2022

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As the electrification of the transportation industry is accelerating, the energy storage markets are trying to secure more reliable and environmentally benign materials. Advanced materials are the key performance enablers of batteries as well as a key element determining the cost structure, environmental impact, and recyclability of battery cells. In this review, we analyzed the state-of-the-art cell chemistries and active electrode and electrolyte materials for electric vehicles batteries, which we believe will dominate the battery chemistry landscape in the next decade. We believe that major breakthroughs and innovations in electrode materials such as high-nickel cathodes and silicon and metallic lithium anodes, along with novel liquid electrolyte formulations and solid-state electrolytes, will significantly improve the specific capacity of lithium batteries and reduce their cost, leading to accelerated mass-market penetration of EVs.

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“…Cathode materials include Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA), and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), while two popular (commercialized) anode materials are: Graphite, and Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO). Currently, about 85% of all EVs use NMC or NCA cathode (NMC accounts for about 65-70% and NCA accounts for about 15-20% as of 2020) [6], while LFP accounts for another 10-20% of EVs [7]. For the anodes, graphite comprises the predominant majority (>99%) of all EVs [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, about 85% of all EVs use NMC or NCA cathode (NMC accounts for about 65-70% and NCA accounts for about 15-20% as of 2020) [6], while LFP accounts for another 10-20% of EVs [7]. For the anodes, graphite comprises the predominant majority (>99%) of all EVs [7]. LCO was the cathode of choice for any application in the first decade after the introduction of Li-ion batteries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the Electric Vehicle Manufacturers’ Decision to Mass Adopt Lithium-Iron Phosphate Batteries

et al. 2022

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Lithium-ion batteries are the ubiquitous energy storage device of choice in portable electronics and more recently, in electric vehicles. However, there are numerous lithium-ion battery chemistries and in particular, several cathode materials that have been commercialized over the last two decades, each with their own unique features and characteristics. In 2021, Tesla Inc. announced that it would change the cell chemistry used in its mass-market electric vehicles (EVs) from Lithium-Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum-Oxide (NCA) to cells with Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) cathodes. Several other automakers have followed this trend by announcing their own plans to move their EV production to LFP. One of the reasons stated for this transition was to address issues with the nickel and cobalt supply chains. In this paper, we examine the trend of adopting LFP for mass-market electric vehicles, explore alternative reasons behind this transition, and analyze the effects this change will have on consumers.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, battery performance, market trends.

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Technological innovation vs. tightening raw material markets: falling battery costs put at risk

Abstract: The reduction of battery costs is a key enabler for an economically viable transition towards a climate-neutral society. Despite market analysts being concerned about rising raw material prices, across forecasting...

Cited by 33 publications

References 55 publications

Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom

Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom

On the Current and Future Outlook of Battery Chemistries for Electric Vehicles—Mini Review

Implications of the Electric Vehicle Manufacturers’ Decision to Mass Adopt Lithium-Iron Phosphate Batteries

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