Cost of Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection at a National Tertiary-Care Referral Centre in an Asian Middle-Income Country

Azzeri, Amirah; Shabaruddin, Fatiha Hana; Mohamed, Rashidi Mohamed Pakri; McDonald, SA; Ss, Tan; A, Kamarulzaman; Dahlui, Maznah

doi:10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.1431

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The reported mean (SD) and median (IQR) for monthly household OOP expenditures related to the preventive measures for COVID-19 were US$ 45.91 (42.71) and US$ 34.23 (215. 16) respectively. The highest mean (SD) OOP expenditure was for TCM, which was US$ 18.34 (25.14), followed by nutraceutical/supplements, which was US$ 13.68 (24.02) and disposable face-mask, which was US$ 12.72 (12.14).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previously, the same questionnaire was used for a study on hepatitis C virus infection. 16 The questionnaire contained 2 parts: (A) Socio-demographic profiles and household characteristics; and (B) household OOP health expenditure related to preventive measures for COVID-19 disease. Questionnaire on household characteristics include income, size, number of people working, number of children and number of children attending schools.…”

Section: Study Tool Data Parameters and Measures Of Variables Collectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Prevention of COVID-19 Infection on Households: Evidence From Malaysia

Jaafar

Laziz

Ithnin

et al. 2021

INQUIRY

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COVID-19 infection resulted in significant economic implications to patients as well as a considerable financial burden to the general population for preventive measures. A descriptive study was conducted among staff at one of the public universities in Malaysia to estimate the monthly out-of-pocket expenditures for preventive measures used for COVID-19 infection. The study tool includes questions on household out-of-pocket expenditure and the measurements of the impact of the expenditure on household income. It was found that the average cumulative monthly expenditures related to the preventive measures were US$ 45.90 (Ringgit Malaysia 187.77), which was 4.3% of the household income. The highest expenditures were for traditional and complementary medicine followed by nutraceutical/supplements and disposable facemask. 8% of the households in this study incurred more than ten per cents of their monthly household income for expenditures related to COVID-19 preventive measures. Several households are experiencing substantial financial implications for preventive measures related to COVID-19 infection. This study highlights the out-of-pocket expenditures incurred for preventive measures were substantial for certain households. Effective initiatives from the government on providing subsidized protective personal equipment and a cost-sharing approach could help to alleviate the household financial burden.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Study Tool Data Parameters and Measures Of Variables Collectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Prevention of COVID-19 Infection on Households: Evidence From Malaysia

Jaafar

Laziz

Ithnin

et al. 2021

INQUIRY

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“…All costs [7,82,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101] and utilities [85,86,87,88] related to a cardiovascular event and to the treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are reported in Table 3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Powder Fortified with Potassium and Phytosterols to Decrease the Risk of Cardiovascular Events among the Adult Population in Malaysia: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

et al. 2019

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This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the consumption of a milk powder product fortified with potassium (+1050.28 mg/day) and phytosterols (+1200 mg/day) to lower systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, and, therefore, the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among the 35–75-year-old population in Malaysia. A Markov model was created against a do-nothing option, from a governmental perspective, and with a time horizon of 40 years. Different data sources, encompassing clinical studies, practice guidelines, grey literature, and statistical yearbooks, were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty on the base case estimates. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equal to international dollars (int$) 22,518.03 per quality-adjusted life-years gained, the intervention can be classified as very cost-effective. If adopted nationwide, it would help prevent at least 13,400 MIs, 30,500 strokes, and more than 10,600 and 17,100 MI- and stroke-related deaths. The discounted cost savings generated for the health care system by those who consume the fortified milk powder would amount to int$8.1 per person, corresponding to 0.7% of the total yearly health expenditure per capita. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results. Together with other preventive interventions, the consumption of milk powder fortified with potassium and phytosterols represents a cost-effective strategy to attenuate the rapid increase in cardiovascular burden in Malaysia.

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“…The estimated direct medical costs for HCC were calculated from the healthcare provider’s perspective, using relevant unit costs as published in a previous study conducted in UMMC. 10 The costs were inflation-adjusted according to a rate of 2.2%, to reflect the costs of HCC management in 2013. The estimated annual cost of managing all HCC patients (n = 115) at UMMC in 2013 is USD 886,995.…”

Section: Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Malaysiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Malaysia and Its Changing Trend

Raihan

Azzeri

Shabaruddin

et al. 2018

Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of death globally. In Malaysia liver cancer is the eighth most common cause of cancer for both gender and fifth most common cause of cancer for males. Liver cancer is a cause of premature death in Malaysia: The trend from 1990 to 2010 was observed upward. Since 1990, the annual years of life lost (YLLs) from liver cancer have increased by 31.5%. Older persons are at higher risk and there is male predominance observed. Curative surgical resection, liver transplantation, and supportive symptomatic care, including percutaneous ethanol injection and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and noncurative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) are among available treatment facilities. Yet the survival rate is very poor as majority of patients present at very advanced stage. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remained the leading cause of HCC in Malaysia. Several studies showed cryptogenic causes, which are mainly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) among the predominant causes of HCC in Malaysia than hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol, or any other reason. This mainly correlates with the increasing incidence of diabetes and obesity in Malaysia.How to cite this article: Raihan R, Azzeri A, Shabaruddin FH, Mohamed R. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Malaysia and Its Changing Trend. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2018;8(1):54-56.

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Cost of Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis C Infection at a National Tertiary-Care Referral Centre in an Asian Middle-Income Country

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Assessing the Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Prevention of COVID-19 Infection on Households: Evidence From Malaysia

Assessing the Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures for Prevention of COVID-19 Infection on Households: Evidence From Malaysia

Milk Powder Fortified with Potassium and Phytosterols to Decrease the Risk of Cardiovascular Events among the Adult Population in Malaysia: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Malaysia and Its Changing Trend

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