“…The deconvolution spectrum of C 1s in COPN had four peaks at 284.8, 286.6, 288.1, and 290.0 eV, corresponding to graphite sp 2 carbon (CC), nitrogen-doped carbon (C–N/C–O), CO bonds, and π–π* bonds, respectively (Figure S8a). The deconvolution spectrum of O 1s in COPN- X and P 3 N 5 (Figure S8) implied three peaks: the oxygen doubly bonds to phosphorus at 530.4 eV (OP), the oxygen singly bond to phosphorus at 532.2 eV (O–P), and the O in C–OH/C–O–C at 531.2 eV. , The fine XPS spectrum analysis of N and P for COPN- X ( X = 1, 3, 5) and P 3 N 5 are shown in Figure d,e, respectively. The N 1s peak of the P 3 N 5 sample could be deconvoluted into three peaks (397.7 eV for PN–P, 399.1 eV for (N)P 3 and 401.6 eV for N–H/N–C). ,, In comparation, the COPN-3 sample exhibited three similar peaks, namely PN–P/C–NC (398.2 eV), (N)P 3 /(N)C 3 (399.9 eV), and N–H/N–C (402.4 eV), albeit a red shift (higher binding energy) was observed for the N element.…”