Could post-weaning dietary chia seed mitigate the development of dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and altered glucose homeostasis in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet from utero to adulthood?

Chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) effects and their molecular mechanisms on unbalanced diet experimental studies: A systematic review

“…From 17 included records, only one was conducted with Flanders hybrid rabbits (Sierra, Roco, Alarcon, & Medina, ). The others were conducted with rodents: Wistar rats (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco, D'Alessandro, Hein, Oliva, & Lombardo, ; Creus, Benmelej, Villafañe, & Lombardo, ; Creus, Ferreira, Oliva, & Lombardo, ; da Silva et al., ; Fortino, Oliva, Rodriguez, Lombardo, & Chicco, ; Marineli, Moura, et al., ; Marineli, Lenquiste, Moraes, & Maróstica, ; Oliva, Ferreira, Chicco, & Lombardo, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, Ward, & Brown, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, & Brown, ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, Waanders, & Brown, ), C57BL/6 mice (Fonte‐Faria et al., ), Swiss mice (de Miranda et al., ), and SAMR1/SAMP8 mice (Rui, Yang, Chen, Qin, & Wan, ).…”

“…The introduction of chia to rats fed with an unbalanced diet improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Creus et al., ; Ferreira, Alvarez, Illesca, Giménez, & Lombardo, ; Fonte‐Faria et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Marineli, Moura, et al., ; Marineli, Lenquiste, et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, et al., ; Rui et al., ). These effects were confirmed by additional data of chia seed intake, such as increased expression of heat shock proteins 25 (HSP25) and HSP70 in soleus muscle (Marineli, Moura, et al., ), increased insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation on IRS‐1 and GLUT‐4 translocation on gastrocnemius (Fonte‐Faria et al., ) and heart (Creus et al., ), increased adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase(AMPK) phosphorylation on gastrocnemius (Fonte‐Faria et al., ), cardiac muscles (Creus et al., ), epididymal, and subcutaneous adipose tissues (Rui et al., ).…”

“…Therefore, chia seed and its compounds present a promising role in energetic metabolism since animals fed unbalanced diets, when fed chia, had AMPK phosphorylation restored as control animals. Besides that, chia modulates other markers, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CTP‐1) (Creus et al., ; Fortino et al., ), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α) and HSP expression (Marineli, Moura, et al., ), signaling improvement in mitochondrial activity pattern, fatty acid oxidation, adipogenesis control, and prevention of the overexpression of inflammatory mediators (Creus et al., ; da Silva et al., ; Musch, Kapil, & Chang, ).…”

“…From the included studies, we hypothesize that chia and its fractions mitigate obesity‐induced insulin sensitivity by regulating AMPK and IRS‐1 phosphorylation, which improve GLUT‐4 translocation and increase hexokinase and glucose 6‐phosphate enzymatic activity (Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Ferreira et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Marineli, Moura, et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Ward, et al., ), which would restore glucose utilization as an energetic fuel. This hypothesis is supported by the increase in CPT‐1 activity (Creus et al., ), PGC‐1α expression, and peritoneal glucose tolerance as a response to consumption of chia seed and oil (Marineli, Moura, et al., ) (Figure ).…”

“…The consumption of chia improved the lipid profile in animals fed nutritionally inadequate diets (high in simple carbohydrates like sucrose and fructose, high in saturate fat, or both). These results are related to improving plasma cholesterol profile (Creus et al., ; da Silva et al., ; de Miranda et al., ; Fonte‐Faria et al., ; Poudyal et al., ; Sierra et al., ) and decreasing plasma triglycerides (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Creus et al., ; Fonte‐Faria et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, et al., ; Poudyal et al., ; Sierra et al., ). Additionally, chia seed increased the plasmatic levels of n‐3 and α‐linoleic (n‐6) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), n‐3/saturated fatty acids, and n‐3/n‐6 ratio (Ayerza & Coates, ; Chicco et al., ; Creus et al., ; Fortino et al., ; Oliva et al., ; Poudyal, Panchal, Waanders, et al., ; Sierra et al., ).…”