Counterfeit and Substandard Anti-infectives in Developing Countries

Newton, Paul N.; Fernández, Facundo M.; Green, Michael D.; J, Primo-Carpenter; White, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9_24

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…In many developing countries, limited access to health facilities, lack of adequate diagnostic tools such as transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography, inadequate laboratory facilities to perform trustworthy blood cultures and susceptibility testing and insufficient skilled staff hamper early reliable diagnoses. Antibiotics are not necessarily appropriate or of good quality [23,31] . The treatment course is commonly interrupted prematurely as patients cannot afford the parenteral antibiotics, inpatient charges and family income loss associated with prolonged hospitalisation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Mirabel

Rattanavong

Frichitthavong

et al. 2015

International Journal of Cardiology

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IntroductionData on infective endocarditis (IE) in Southeast Asia are scarce.ObjectivesTo describe the clinical epidemiology of IE in Lao PDR, a lower middle-income country.MethodsA single centre retrospective study at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane. Patients aged over 1 year of age admitted 2006–2012 to Mahosot Hospital with definite or possible IE by modified Duke criteria were included.ResultsThirty-six patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 33 (91.7%) had left-sided IE. Eleven (30.6%) had definite IE and 25 (69.4%) possible left-sided IE. Median age was 25 years old [IQR 18–42]. Fifteen patients (41.7%) were males. Underlying heart diseases included: rheumatic valve disease in 12 (33.3%), congenital heart disease in 7 (19.4%), degenerative valve disease in 3 (8.3%), and of unknown origin in 14 (38.9%) patients. Native valve IE was present in 30 patients (83.3%), and prosthetic valve IE in 6 patients (16.7%). The most frequent pathogens were Streptococcus spp. in 7 (19.4%). Blood cultures were negative in 22 patients (61.1%). Complications included: heart failure in 11 (30.6%), severe valve regurgitation in 7 (19.4%); neurological event in 7 (19.4%); septic shock or severe sepsis in 5 (13.9%); and cardiogenic shock in 3 patients (8.3%). No patient underwent heart surgery. Fourteen (38.9%) had died by follow-up after a median of 2.1 years [IQR 1–3.2]; and 3 (8.3%) were lost to follow-up.ConclusionsInfective endocarditis, a disease especially of young adults and mainly caused by Streptococcus spp., was associated with rheumatic heart disease and had high mortality in Laos.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Mirabel

Rattanavong

Frichitthavong

et al. 2015

International Journal of Cardiology

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“…Falsified drugs are not, apparently, as big a problem here as they are in other developing countries [14]. A peculiar issue, however, is the mostly un-quantified black market of stolen drugs.…”

Section: Antibiotic Usage In Mexicomentioning

confidence: 90%

Antibiotic resistance in Mexico: a brief overview of the current status and its causes

Amábile-Cuevas¹

2010

J Infect Dev Ctries

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As in many other developing countries, conditions that may foster antibiotic resistance in Mexico differ from developed countries, as does resistance prevalence. Fecal pollution and other characteristics of overcrowded, poor cities might create ideal settings for selecting, exchanging and maintaining resistance traits. Medical abuse of antibiotics, along with low-quality drugs, is also present as in many other developing countries. Self-prescription, a common yet unmeasured practice among the Mexican population, may also contribute to increased resistance rates. Pneumococcal resistance towards penicillin and macrolides are the highest in Latin American countries, as is resistance of Salmonella and uropathogenic Escherichia coli towards ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; about one-tenth of isolates of these gram-negative pathogens seem to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). High rates of multiple-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis are also found in Mexico, although there is no report of extensively drug-resistant strains. As to hospital-acquired pathogens, about a third of E. coli and Klebsiella isolates are ESBL-producers, and half of Staphylococcus aureus isolates are resistant to oxacillin (MRSA). Approximately 40% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates are resistant to ceftazidime, imipenem or levofloxacin. Although community-acquired MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and other resistance problems found in developed countries are not as common in Mexico, local issues are no small concern, and are disturbingly moving towards outpatients.

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“…7 The high persistence of substandard artemisinin combined therapies (ACTs) and inappropriate artemisinin monotherapies in the private sector, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (where many individuals buy their treatments privately), risks patient safety, and through drug resistance, places the future of malaria treatment at risk globally. [8][9][10][11] Several of these ACTs are currently available in Côte d'Ivoire, where ASAQ and AL combinations are common.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the efficacy of first-line antimalarial drugs after 5 years of deployment by the National Malaria Control Programme in Côte d'Ivoire

Offianan¹,

Assi²,

A³

et al. 2011

OAJCT

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Background:The emergence of artemisinin resistance has raised concerns that the most potent antimalarial drug may be under threat. Artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemetherlumefantrine (AL) are respectively the first-and second-line treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Côte d'Ivoire. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of these two drug combinations was necessary to make evidence-based drug treatment policies. Methods:In an open-label, non inferiority, randomized, controlled clinical trial, children aged 6-59 months were randomized to receive ASAQ or AL. Both drug regimens were given for 3 days, and follow-up was for 28 days. The primary endpoint was the 28-day cure rates and was defined as proportion of patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-corrected cure rate after 28 days of follow-up. Findings: A total of 251 patients who were attending the Ayame and Dabakala hospitals and presenting with symptomatic acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria were randomized to receive ASAQ (128) and AL (123). The intention-to-treat analysis showed effectiveness rates of 94.5% and 93.5% for ASAQ and AL, respectively on day 28. After adjustment for PCR results, these rates were 96.1% and 96.8%, respectively. On day 28, the per-protocol analysis showed effectiveness rates of 98.4% and 96.6% for ASAQ and AL, respectively. After adjustment by PCR for reinfection, these rates were 100% for each drug, and both regimens were well tolerated. Conclusion: ASAQ and AL remain efficacious treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ivorian children 5 years after adoption. The efficacy of ASAQ and AL in Côte d'Ivoire requires, therefore, continuous monitoring and evaluation.

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Counterfeit and Substandard Anti-infectives in Developing Countries

Cited by 22 publications

References 96 publications

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Antibiotic resistance in Mexico: a brief overview of the current status and its causes

Assessment of the efficacy of first-line antimalarial drugs after 5 years of deployment by the National Malaria Control Programme in Côte d'Ivoire

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Counterfeit and Substandard Anti-infectives in Developing Countries

Cited by 22 publications

References 96 publications

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Infective endocarditis in the Lao PDR: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a developing country

Antibiotic resistance in Mexico: a brief overview of the current status and its causes

Assessment of the efficacy of first-line antimalarial drugs after 5 years of deployment by the National Malaria Control Programme in C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire

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Assessment of the efficacy of first-line antimalarial drugs after 5 years of deployment by the National Malaria Control Programme in Côte d'Ivoire