D2 dopamine receptors
(DRD2s) belong to a family of G protein-coupled
receptors that modulate synaptic dopaminergic tone via regulation
of dopamine synthesis, storage, and synaptic release. DRD2s are the
primary target for traditional antipsychotic medications; dysfunctional
DRD2 signaling has been linked to major depressive disorder, attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, addiction, Parkinson’s, and schizophrenia.
DRD2 lateral diffusion appears to be an important post-translational
regulatory mechanism; however, the dynamic response of DRD2s to ligand-induced
activation is poorly understood. Dynamic imaging of the long isoform
of DRD2 (D2L) fused to an N-terminal antihemagglutinin (HA) epitope
and transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells was achieved through a
combination of a high-affinity biotinylated anti-HA antigen-binding
fragment (Fab) and streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots (QD). Significant
reduction (∼40%) in the rate of lateral diffusion of QD-tagged
D2L proteins was observed under agonist (quinpirole; QN)-stimulated
conditions compared to basal conditions. QN-induced diffusional slowing
was accompanied by an increase in frequency, lifetime, and confinement
of temporary arrest of lateral diffusion (TALL), an intrinsic property
of single receptor lateral motion. The role of the actin cytoskeleton
in QN-induced diffusional slowing of D2L was also explored. The observed
dynamic changes appear to be a sensitive indicator of the receptor
activity status and might also spatially and temporally shape the
receptor-mediated downstream signaling. This dynamic information could
potentially be useful in informing drug discovery efforts based on
single-molecule pharmacology.