Coupling Phenomena in Saturated Homo‐ionic Montmorillonite: I. Experimental

Elrick, D. E.; Smiles, D. E.; Baumgartner, Nicky R.; Groenevelt, P. H.

doi:10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000040014x

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Elrick et al (27) performed a series of experiments to observe the effects of salt concentration differences across a thin layer of a satured homo-ionic montmorillonite. These authors measured water pressure, concentration, and voltage differences as functions of time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coupled Transports in Heterogeneous Media

Marino¹,

Shapiro

Adler³

2001

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These calculations were based on the electric double-layer theory and produced a symmetrical coupling matrix. Finally, the data presented in (27) were analyzed by Groenevelt et al (29) using the theoretical development of (28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled Transports in Heterogeneous Media

Marino¹,

Shapiro

Adler³

2001

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…For typically non-ideal clay membranes ω should be greater than zero. Elrick et al (1976) measured ω for a Na-montmorillonite slurry with 90 % porosity and obtained a value of 3 x 10 -15 mole/dyne·s. Fritz and Marine (1983) suggested that for more compacted clays, the value of ω should be considerably lower than 3 × 10 -15 mole/dyne·s.…”

Section: Theoretical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Reverse Osmosis System for Treatment of Produced Waters

Whitworth¹,

Li²

2002

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This report describes work performed during the first year of the project "Modified Reverse Osmosis System for Treatment of Produced Waters." This research project has two objectives. The first objective is to test the use of clay membranes in the treatment of produced waters by reverse osmosis. The second objective is to test the ability of a system patented by the New Mexico Tech Research Foundation to remove salts from reverse osmosis waste streams as a solid. We performed 12 experiments using clay membranes in cross-flow experimental cells. We found that, due to dispersion in the porous frit used adjacent to the membrane, the concentration polarization layer seems to be completely (or nearly completely) destroyed at low flow rates. This observation suggests that clay membranes used with porous frit material many reach optimum rejection rates at lower pumping rates than required for use with synthetic membranes. The solute rejection efficiency decreases with increasing solution concentration. For the membranes and experiments reported here, the rejection efficiency ranged from 71% with 0.01 M NaCl solution down to 12 % with 2.3 M NaCl solution. More compacted clay membranes will have higher rejection capabilities. The clay membranes used in our experiments were relatively thick (approximately 0.5 mm). The active layer of most synthetic membranes is only 0.04 µm (0.00004 mm), approximately 1250 times thinner than the clay membranes used in these experiments. Yet clay membranes as thin as 12 µm have been constructed (Fritz and Eady, 1985). Since Darcy's law states that the flow through a material of constant permeability is inversely proportional to it's the material's thickness, then, based on these experimental observations, a very thin clay membrane would be expected to have much higher flow rates than the ones used in these experiments. Future experiments will focus on testing very thin clay membranes. The membranes generally exhibited reasonable stable rejection rates over time for chloride for a range of concentrations between 0.01 and 2.5 M. One membrane ran in excess of three months with no apparent loss of usability. This suggests that clay membranes may have a long useable life.Twenty different hyperfiltration-induced solute precipitation experiments were either attempted or completed and are reported here. The results of these experiments suggest that hyperfiltration-induced solute precipitation is possible, even for very soluble substances such as NaCl. However, the precipitation rates obtained in the laboratory do not appear to be adequate for commercial application at this time. Future experiments will focus on making the clay membranes more compact and thinner in order to obtain higher flux rates. Two alternative methods of removing solutes from solution, for which the New Mexico Tech Research Foundation is preparing patent applications, are also being investigated. These methods will be described in the next annual report after the patent applications are filed.Technology transfer effort...

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“…For example, in a clay-water-salt system, the application of a salt concentration gradient creates pore water pressure and electric potential gradients. Such a system was studied by Elrick et al [7]. Thermodynamically coupled flows in near-field regions of nuclear waste repositories have been studied by Carnahan [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of electro-chemico-osmotic processes in soils

Çorapçıoğlu

1991

Transp Porous Med

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Electrokinetic techniques have been used for various purposes including consolidation of soils, dewatering of sludges, and hazardous waste remediation among others. Estimating the feasibility of employing electro-osmosis in a particular operation depends on the ability to predict the outcome under a variety of conditions. Predictions of this type are frequently facilitated by the use of a mathematical model designed to represent the physical system under consideration in a rigorous fashion. First, a review of fundamental aspects of electro-chemico-osmotic flow in soils is presented. Following a brief outline of previous studies, identification and quantification of the significant processes, and the construction of mathematical representations are given. This is achieved using an approach based on the macroscopic conservation of mass equations and the principle of a continuum, in contrast to an approach based on the irreversible thermodynamics of coupled flows. Special emphasis is given to coupling effects on transport processes. A complete model and associated boundary conditions are then obtained for electrokinetic processes in a compressible porous medium. The proposed model takes into consideration the migration of a contaminant plume in a flow field generated by an applied electric potential.

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Coupling Phenomena in Saturated Homo‐ionic Montmorillonite: I. Experimental

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Coupled Transports in Heterogeneous Media

Coupled Transports in Heterogeneous Media

Modified Reverse Osmosis System for Treatment of Produced Waters

Formulation of electro-chemico-osmotic processes in soils

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