The electronic origin of the visible-light response of N-, C-and S-doped TiO 2 has been studied using x-ray absorption, x-ray emission, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. New electronic states are observed in the bulk band gap, above the valence band edge of pure TiO 2 , which can be directly related to the visible-light absorption of the N-, C-and S-doped TiO 2 materials.