“…Test-time adaptation allows the model to adapt to the test data (i.e., target domain) in a source-free and online manner [33,61,64]. Existing works improve TTA performance with sophisticated designs of unsupervised loss [48,71,42,9,45,57,5,16,1,3,12] or enhance the usability of small batch sizes [36,69,31,51,40] considering streaming test data. They focus on improving the adaptation performance with a stationary target domain (i.e., single domain TTA setup).…”