Covariation bias and its physiological correlates in panic disorder patients

Fear- and disgust-related covariation bias and eating disorders symptoms in healthy young women

“…The result that a priori expectancies do not necessarily persevere in a posteriori covariation biases has also been found in studies on anxiety pathology (e.g., De Jong, De GraafPeters, Van Hout, & Van Wees, 2009;De Jong & Peters, 2007). This is particularly the case in non-anxious individuals as they seem to be able to correct such a bias during the experiment on the basis of situational information (see Amrhein, Pauli, Dengler, & Wiedemann, 2005). Since participants in the present study were randomly selected female students with only mild eating problems, it may well be the case that our participants were also capable of correcting their a priori expectancies about bodies and (negative) emotions during the experimental phase of this study.…”

Worry and Discrimination of Threat and Safety Cues: An Event-Related Potential Investigation

“…The SPN has been shown to be an index of the expectancy or amount of attentional resources recruited to respond to the upcoming stimulus (van Boxtel & Böcker, 2004), and is more negative in anticipation of emotional pictures (e.g., Amrhein et al, 2005;Poli, Sarlo, Bortoletto, Buodo, & Palomba, 2007). More recent studies have found that during attention tasks or anxiety manipulations, anxiety symptoms are associated with a reduced contingent negative variation (Ansari & Derakshan, 2011;Judah, Grant, Mills, & Lechner, 2013), a slow-wave component that consists of the SPN and neural activity related to an upcoming motor response (e.g., Brunia, 1988).…”

Stimulus-Preceding Negativity and heart rate changes in anticipation of affective pictures

“…The SPN has been identified by presenting an emotional stimulus (usually a picture) as S2, which was signaled by a neutral stimulus, such as a tone (Amrhein et al, 2005;Klorman and Ryan, 1980;Lumsden et al, 1986;Simons et al, 1979), by employing a threat-of-shock paradigm in which a threat cue was associated with the possibility of an electric shock delivery (Baas et al, 2002;Böcker et al, 2001), and by manipulating the emotional valence of a feedback about a previously performed task (usually a time estimation task) by means of rewards or punishments (Kotani et al, 2001(Kotani et al, , 2003Ohgami et al, 2004). When visual emotional stimuli were employed as S2, only single comparisons have been assessed, i.e.…”

“…Simons et al (1979) showed male subjects pictures of nude females in comparison with neutral pictures and found a larger SPN prior to the emotional contents. Along with neutral pictures, Klorman and Ryan (1980) presented pictures depicting mutilated bodies, while both Amrhein et al (2005) and Lumsden et al (1986) presented stimuli with fear-related contents (e.g., snakes, spiders). Results generally indicated larger SPN amplitudes preceding emotional pictures, with only one study (Lumsden et al, 1986) reporting larger SPN amplitudes preceding neutral pictures.…”