Cover Crop Impact on Weed Dynamics in an Organic Dry Bean System

Hill, Erin C.; Renner, Karen A.; Sprague, Christy L.; Davis, Adam S.

doi:10.1614/ws-d-15-00114.1

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Residue biomass in other cover crop treatments ranged from 438 kg ha −1 for winter-killed radish to 9,003 kg ha −1 for late-killed cereal rye (Table 3). Cover crop biomass levels were comparable with results reported in previous research in the upper Midwest (Davis 2010; Hill et al 2016).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Soil nitrogen also could affect weed density results. Decomposing cereal rye residues typically reduce soil nitrogen availability, which suppresses weed emergence (Hill et al 2016). However, radish residues, which may also reduce soil nitrogen availability, have shown mixed effects on weed emergence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, radish residues, which may also reduce soil nitrogen availability, have shown mixed effects on weed emergence. Hill et al (2016) reported that decomposing radish residues suppressed weed emergence, but Belfrey et al (2017) and Lawley et al (2012) reported that, under certain conditions, radish residues, on the surface or incorporated into the soil, stimulated early spring (January to March) emergence of common chickweed [ Stellaria media (L.) Vill. ], C. album , common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)

2018

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The potential role of fall-seeded cover crops for weed management in edamame [soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is unknown. Field experiments were conducted over three edamame growing seasons to (1) determine the extent to which cover crop–residue management systems influence edamame emergence while selectively suppressing weed density and biomass, and (2) determine whether cultivars differed in emergence in cover crop–residue management systems. Cover crop treatments included a winter-killed oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), two canola (Brassica napus L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), two cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), and a bare-soil control. Two spring timings of a cover crop burndown application created the early-killed and late-killed treatments for canola and cereal rye. Twelve soybean cultivars were tested, including 11 edamame cultivars differing in seed size and a grain-type soybean control. Spring residue biomass in cover crop treatments ranged from 438 kg ha−1 for winter-killed radish to 9,003 kg ha−1 for late-killed cereal rye. Cultivars responded similarly to cover crop treatments, and with the exception of late-killed cereal rye, cover crop treatments resulted in similar crop emergence as the bare-soil control. While all cover crop treatments reduced weed biomass 6 wk after planting compared with the bare soil, winter-killed radish and both canola treatments increased weed density. Early-killed cereal rye has potential for weed management in edamame, as evidenced by the fact that the treatment did not interfere with planting or crop establishment, yet reduced weed density 20% and suppressed early-season weed growth 85%.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)

2018

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“…He did note, however, that germination responses of all species in the genus are highly variable and change with environmental conditions. In a study similar to ours, Hill et al (2016) found that incorporated red clover had no effect on persistence of S. faberi . We conclude that incorporated legume cover crops are likely to have a weak or inconsistent effect on the persistence of S. faberi .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Effects of Incorporated Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Residue on the Persistence of Weed Seeds in the Soil

et al. 2018

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Incorporation of cover crop residue into the soil has been suggested as a means for reducing weed seedbanks. To explore this hypothesis, we buried mesh bags of seeds mixed with sand at 15-cm depth in late fall in plots that had been planted with rye (Secale cerealeL.) or hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) or left unplanted. Separate bags contained either velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik.), giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Watson), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). The experiment used a randomized complete block design with five replications, and enough bags were buried to allow a final recovery in each of the following three springs. Each spring, bags were exhumed, and seeds were either counted and tested for viability or mixed with chopped cover crop material or simply stirred for control bags, and the material was reburied. The experiment was completed twice with initial burials in fall of 2011 and 2013. Rye had no consistent effect on persistence of seeds of any of the species. For two observation intervals, rye increased persistence of a species; for another two intervals, it decreased persistence relative to the control; but mostly rye did not affect persistence. Hairy vetch decreased persistence ofC. albumandA. powelliiin both runs of the experiment but had no effect on persistence ofA. theophrastiandS. faberi. Germination of the first two species is promoted by nitrate, whereasA. theophrastigermination is not sensitive to nitrate, andS. faberiis only rarely nitrate sensitive. We suggest that nitrate released during decomposition of hairy vetch may have promoted fatal germination ofC. albumandA. powellii. Incorporation of legume cover crops like hairy vetch may provide a means for decreasing the seedbanks of the many weed species whose germination is promoted by nitrate. The lack of any reduction ofA. theophrastiandS. faberiseed persistence in response to hairy vetch and the inconsistent and mostly negligible effect of rye indicate that a general increase in readily decomposable organic matter through incorporation of cover crops may be ineffective at reducing weed seedbanks.

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“…Conservation agriculture systems hold promise for combining improvements in soil quality and weed management without becoming overly reliant on herbicides. Cover cropping, as one of the main pillars of conservation agriculture, provides numerous well‐known ecological and agronomic benefits in crop production systems, notably water conservation, improving soil and water quality, enhancing soil productivity and weed suppression (Mirsky et al ., , ; Wells et al ., ; Hill et al ., ). Cereal rye has specific traits that make it an ideal fall(autumn)‐planted cover crop in many agronomic systems, such as possessing appropriate agronomic traits as a cover crop, soil and water quality improvements and suppressing weeds (Barberi & Mazzoncini, ; Smith et al ., ; Teasdale et al ., ; Mirsky et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Weed interference with no‐till soyabeans influenced by fine‐scale covariation between soil properties and cover crop performance

Eslami

Davis

2018

Weed Research

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Summary Balancing trade‐offs in conservation agriculture between the conflicting impacts of soil disturbance on crop yield and soil quality is complicated by the need for adequate weed management, especially in production systems with low, or no, reliance upon herbicides. Production of soyabeans no‐till planted into a rolled‐crimped cereal rye cover crop is attracting increasing farmer interest. Experimental work on this approach to date has provided inferences at the field scale and above, helping to identify broad recommendation domains for best management practices. For individual growers, however, fine‐scale information may also be helpful for making in‐field adjustments to refine the system. In a three‐year field study in Illinois, USA, we quantified key associations among no‐till soyabean performance in a rolled rye system and decametre‐scale variation in soil characteristics, cover crop performance and weed growth. Subfield variation in soil properties had both direct and indirect effects on soyabean yield. Local soil potassium limitation was linked to reduced rye height, which in turn indirectly reduced soyabean yields through decreased weed suppression by the cover crop. Slow‐draining field areas that were still moist at the time of cover crop termination were associated with lower soyabean stands, directly reducing yields. Although the subfield characteristics influencing soyabean and cover crop performance may vary from farm to farm, this study highlights potential gains to be realised in this production system from a better understanding of how such properties covary at fine spatial scales and taking steps to create an environment conducive to maximising cover crop establishment and growth.

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Cover Crop Impact on Weed Dynamics in an Organic Dry Bean System

Cited by 20 publications

References 73 publications

An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)

An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)

Effects of Incorporated Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Residue on the Persistence of Weed Seeds in the Soil

Weed interference with no‐till soyabeans influenced by fine‐scale covariation between soil properties and cover crop performance

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