COVID-19 and Autoimmune Liver Diseases

Martin, Sara De

doi:10.3390/jcm11102681

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Regarding patients with AIH, it has been hypothesized that their immunosuppressive state can predispose them to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a greater risk for severe disease. In particular, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may trigger autoimmune mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects, hyperstimulating the immune system and exposing foreign peptides homologous to human peptides (molecular mimicry), thus leading to the development of autoantibodies [ 158 ]. However, there are scarce reports of AIH triggered by COVID-19 infection, and several confounding factors were always present [ 159 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 In Patients With Pre-existing Chronic Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Has the Liver Been Spared?

Brandi

Spinelli

Granito

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The liver is a secondary and often collateral target of COVID-19 disease but can lead to important consequences. COVID-19 might directly cause a high number of complications in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease, increasing their risk of hepatic decompensation. Moreover, it also determines indirect consequences in the management of patients with liver disease, especially in those suffering from decompensated cirrhosis and HCC, as well as in the execution of their follow-up and the availability of all therapeutic possibilities. Liver imaging in COVID-19 patients proved to be highly nonspecific, but it can still be useful for identifying the complications that derive from the infection. Moreover, the recent implementation of telemedicine constitutes a possible solution to both the physical distancing and the re-organizational difficulties arising from the pandemic. The present review aims to encompass the currently hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in patients with COVID-19 mediated by both the direct invasion of the virus and its indirect effects and analyze the consequence of the pandemic in patients with chronic liver disease and liver tumors, with particular regard to the management strategies that have been implemented to face this worldwide emergency and that can be further improved.

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Section: Covid-19 In Patients With Pre-existing Chronic Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Has the Liver Been Spared?

Brandi

Spinelli

Granito

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) includes primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and overlapping syndromes referring to the coexistence of two autoimmune diseases[ 81 ]. COVID-19 outcomes in patients with AILD were investigated in international registry studies and retrospective case studies[ 82 ]. Combined data from three multinational registries showed that despite the use of immunosuppressive treatment, AIH patients did not seem to have a higher risk of lethal outcomes with COVID-19 compared to patients without liver disease and those with other forms of liver disease[ 83 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 In Patients With Pre-existing Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Outcomes of COVID-19 among patients with liver disease

Vujčić¹

2023

World J Gastroenterol

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory disease with multi-organ involvement, including impaired liver function. It has been noticed that a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients have liver dysfunction, especially those with a more severe disease course. The coronavirus causes direct damage to the liver using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a cell-surface receptor for cellular entry, that is expressed in the liver. According to previous research, liver enzyme abnormalities were observed in a considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients, and elevated liver transaminases were found in about 20% of these patients, alkaline phosphatase in 6.1%, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in 21.1%. COVID-19 might trigger a deterioration of liver function in patients with pre-existing chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and also in those without previous liver disorders. The majority of COVID-19 patients who develop liver injury are men, the elderly, and those with a higher body mass index. Compared to the general population, COVID-19 is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disease (cirrhosis and liver transplantation recipients). However, some studies indicate that CLDs have a lesser role in determining patient progression towards higher disease severity.

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“…AIH was occasionally observed after COVID-19 vaccination (i.e., vaccine-induced AIH) ( Figure 1 ) [ 14 , 15 ]. A recent study indicated fast uptake of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 into human liver cell line Huh7, leading to changes in the expression and distribution of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1), which is an endogenous reverse transcriptase, and that BNT162b2 mRNA is reverse transcribed intracellularly into DNA in as fast as 6 h upon BNT162b2 exposure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is able to enter the human liver cell line Huh7 in vitro [ 16 ]. The use of immunosuppressants has been correlated to an increase in autoimmune liver disease severity and to lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies upon vaccination [ 15 ]. All of the cases with AIH and post-COVID-19 vaccination have been successfully treated with steroids [ 15 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of immunosuppressants has been correlated to an increase in autoimmune liver disease severity and to lower levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies upon vaccination [ 15 ]. All of the cases with AIH and post-COVID-19 vaccination have been successfully treated with steroids [ 15 ]. The assessment of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) may turn out to be a useful marker in the diagnosis of AIH [ 17 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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