COVID-19 and Plethora of Fungal Infections

Kundu, Reetu; Singla, Nidhi

doi:10.1007/s12281-022-00432-2

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…COVID-19 patients are more susceptible to fungal infections due to the decrease in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes and the use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressant drugs. Cryptococcemia was reported in a COVID-19 patient with several comorbidities who received tocilizumab and corticosteroids [ 53 ]. Cryptococcus may affect the lungs or the central nervous system.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When to Initiate Antifungal Treatment in COVID-19 Patients with Secondary Fungal Co-infection

Pruthi¹

2022

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

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Purpose of Review Severe-acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been driving the health care delivery system for over 2 years. With time, many issues related to co-infections in COVID-19 patients are constantly surfacing. There have been numerous reports about various fungal co-infections in patients with COVID-19. The extent of severity of fungal pathogens has been recognized as a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Awareness, understanding, and a systematic approach to managing fungal co-infections in COVID-19 patients are important. No guidelines have enumerated the stepwise approach to managing the fungal infections co-occurring with COVID-19. This review is intended to present an overview of the fungal co-infections in COVID-19 patients and their stepwise screening and management. Recent Findings The most common fungal infections that have been reported to co-exist with COVID-19 are Candidemia, Aspergillosis, and Mucormycosis. Prevalence of co-infections in COVID-19 patients has been reported to be much higher in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially those in intensive care units. While clear pathogenetic mechanisms have not been delineated, COVID-19 patients are at a high risk of invasive fungal infections. Summary As secondary fungal infections have been challenging to treat in COVID-19 patients, as they tend to affect the critically ill or immunocompromised patients, a delay in diagnosis and treatment may be fatal. Antifungal drugs should be initiated with caution after carefully assessing the immune status of the patients, drug interactions, and adverse effects. The crucial factors in successfully treating fungal infections in COVID-19 patients are optimal diagnostic approach, routine screening, and timely initiation of antifungal therapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When to Initiate Antifungal Treatment in COVID-19 Patients with Secondary Fungal Co-infection

Pruthi¹

2022

Curr Clin Micro Rpt

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“…Respiratory tract viruses can damage the airways and create a vulnerability to microorganisms such as Aspergillus (32)(33)(34). The most commonly reported fungal infection with COVID-19 has been COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) (26,35,36).…”

Section: Zha Et Al (mentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on COVID-19 Coinfection

Şeker¹

2022

Erciyes Med J

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World Health Organization data indicate that as of April 2022, 6.2 million deaths have been reported worldwide due to coronavirus disease 2019 . In Türkiye, official statistics indicate some 15 million cases and a death toll of 98,660. It is important that clinicians consider the possibility of the co-occurrence of other respiratory microorganisms with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the virus that causes COVID-19, when managing treatment, particularly severe COVID-19 patients. The burden and effect of a secondary infection may be significant, especially in patients with chronic disease and advanced age. Proper attention to potential coinfections can prevent COVID-19 progression and the development of complications.

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“…The risk factors of Candida species associated with COVID-19 are not directly linked to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, the association of Candida as a fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients is still under reported currently. The predispose factors such as indwelling central venous catheters, diabetes mellitus, parenteral nutrition, triple lumen catheters, abdominal surgery, multiple antibiotics and renal failure requiring hemodialysis which make the COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation and those in intensive care unit more susceptible to develop fungal co-infection (Kundu and Singla, 2022). Another risk factor include severe respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 which require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (Kundu and Singla, 2022).…”

Section: Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The predispose factors such as indwelling central venous catheters, diabetes mellitus, parenteral nutrition, triple lumen catheters, abdominal surgery, multiple antibiotics and renal failure requiring hemodialysis which make the COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation and those in intensive care unit more susceptible to develop fungal co-infection (Kundu and Singla, 2022). Another risk factor include severe respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 which require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (Kundu and Singla, 2022). Currently, studies shows that Candida species infection in users of removable dentures can increase the mortality and morbidity rate associated with COVID-19 (Jeronimo et al, 2021).…”

Section: Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, reports on distorted monocyte CD80 up regulation and nullified release of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1a, and interleukin-1b signalling towards increased vulnerability for Candida albicans infection (Moser et al, 2021). About 6 to 10% cases of the common fungal pathogen reported in this context, Candida with approximately 19% to 40% mortality rate with invasive candidiasis is being estimated (Kundu and Singla, 2022). Reported nonalbicans Candida species including Candida auris and Candida glabrata either have recently acquire antifungal resistance or inherent resistance to antifungals are the most complicating agents (Arastehfar et al, 2020).…”

Section: Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of fungal infections associated with COVID-19 in pandemic era

Aliyu

2022

Gadau J Pure Allied Sci

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Fungal infections such as endemic mycoses, pneumocystosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis and cryptococcosis associated with COVID-19 are becoming complicated in management and diagnosis of critical ill COVID-19 patients. However, mortality rates due to fungal infections are significantly high. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of fungal infections associated with COVID-19 during the pandemic era. A systemic literature review was carried out to evaluate the effect of fungal infections associated with COVID-19 incidence from relevant published articles. Invasive Fungal Infections (IFIs) had the highest incidence of 26.7% from 137 intensive care unit patients screened for IFIs in 2020. Currently, drugs that are commonly used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients such as casirivimab and imdevimab, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, sotrovimab, and remdesivir had no any effects on fungal infections. In India, 53% of mortality rate which caused by 60% of Candida auris and in Brazil, 72.7% following corticosteroids use were reported. Recently, no any reports related to mortality rate due to Candida infections associated with COVID-19 in Spain and USA. Numerous current advances in management and diagnosis of these fungal infections associated with COVID-19 have not been much potentially significant. It is predicted and possible that the development of new and potent antifungal drugs, antimicrobial peptides and nanotechnology based approaches for drug delivery would help to reduce or eliminate these fungal infections associated with COVID-19 and restraint its spread across the globe.

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COVID-19 and Plethora of Fungal Infections

Cited by 20 publications

References 88 publications

When to Initiate Antifungal Treatment in COVID-19 Patients with Secondary Fungal Co-infection

When to Initiate Antifungal Treatment in COVID-19 Patients with Secondary Fungal Co-infection

Update on COVID-19 Coinfection

Effects of fungal infections associated with COVID-19 in pandemic era

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