COVID-19: Artificial sputum, respiratory obstruction method and screening of pyolitic and antihypoxic drugs

Abstract

COVID-19 causes non-specific pneumonia, which has become a new cause of hypoxia, leading to the death of many patients. Today, there are no effective drugs that provide an urgent increase in blood oxygenation. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop drugs to increase blood oxygenation in order to save the lives of patients with the new coronavirus infection. Since hypoxia develops in this disease due to the blockage of respiratory tract with viscous mucus and sputum, an appropriate experimental model is needed for screening and finding new drugs. However this model is yet missing. Therefore, the development of an experimental model of respiratory obstruction by sputum with traces of blood can accelerate the discovery of drugs that eliminate hypoxia and prevent the death of patients with nonspecific pneumonia complicated by respiratory obstruction. The purpose of this letter was to present a model for evaluating the biological activity of drugs, which can become a new vector for the development of effective ways to increase blood oxygenation across pulmonary and save the lives of patients with severe atypical pneumonia complicated by respiratory obstruction in COVID-19.

Reprofiling Hydrogen Peroxide from Antiseptics to Pyolytics: A Narrative Overview of the History of Inventions in Russia

“…Many invented drugs have been shown to be able to dissolve thick masses of pus, blood clots, sulfur plugs, tear stones, mucus, sputum, meconium and other thick biological masses containing the enzyme catalase [23,24]. It has been established that WAHPSs, when locally interacting with sputum, mucus, pus, and serous fluid, are capable of exerting a pyolytic, mucolytic, and antihypoxic oxygen-releasing effect [25][26][27][28][29].…”

“…All the above solutions have a nonspecific local action provided by local hyperthermia, moderate alkalinity, osmotic activity, on the one hand, and the enzyme catalase contained in pus masses and other biological tissues, on the other hand. As a result of local application, all alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions quickly turn these masses into a fluffy white oxygenated foam [22,23,25]. This has been shown to occur due to alkaline saponification of lipid and protein-lipid complexes and a cold boiling process caused by the formation of gas bubbles due to catalase splitting of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and water and/or due to a decrease in the initial overpressure [33,34].…”

Risk factors for hypoxaemia following hip fracture surgery in elderly patients who recovered from COVID-19: a multicentre retrospective study

“…In addition to the above independent risk factors, we found that expectoration symptoms and a time between recovery from COVID-19 and surgery ≤2 weeks were risk factors for postoperative hypoxaemia in elderly patients who recovered from COVID-19 and underwent hip fracture surgery in the short term. Expectoration symptoms can cause hypoxia in patients by blocking the respiratory tract with viscous mucus and sputum ( 37 ). In particular, sputum increase during mechanical ventilation under general anaesthesia can further cause airway obstruction ( 38 ).…”

Intrapulmonary Use of Hydrogen Peroxide in Respiratory Obstruction: Initial Results Demonstrate the Possibility of Airway Recanalization and Blood Reoxygenation through the Lungs: An Update

“…In addition, it has been shown that increasing the temperature of the solution to +37 -42°C potentiates the process of foam formation and simultaneously reduces the local irritating effect of the drug. It was also found that due to the controlled foaming activity hydrogen peroxide solutions can have a geyser-like, pyolytic, mucolytic, hemolytic, decolorizing, oxygenreleasing and antihypoxic effect, which was recommended for recanalization of airways and elimination of hypoxia in respiratory obstruction caused by purulent obstructive bronchitis [17][18][19]. It has been reported that if the airways are filled with thick sputum, mucus, pus and/or blood, traditional mucolytics and expectorants and their application techniques do not provide urgent airway recanalization and urgent blood oxygenation through the lungs.…”

“…1). In addition, at the same time the intrapulmonary application of the specified modernized antiseptic hydrogen peroxide urgently increased blood oxygenation through the lungs and eliminated hypoxia in the rabbit, caused by previously filled his airways with artificial sputum [19]. The protocol of the study on experimental animals (rabbits) corresponded to the principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Health Organization, and was approved by the Ethics Committees at the Institute of Thermology in Izhevsk (Protocol No.…”