COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. Genomic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize and comparatively analyze the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We also discuss the approaches for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak. glycoprotein of novel coronavirus is developed from a SARS-CoV (CoVZXC21 or CoVZC45) and a yet unknown . Nonetheless, to eradicate the virus, more work is required to

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“…This is followed by assembly and budding into the lumen of the ERGIC. Virions are then released from the infected cell through exocytosis [91]. NSP, nonstructural proteins; ACE2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Rough ER, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; ERGIC, Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment.…”

Oleoylethanolamide, A Bioactive Lipid Amide, as A Promising Treatment Strategy for Coronavirus/COVID-19

“…This highly transmittable and pathogenic viral belongs to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family of Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales (4). The subfamily of coronaviruses family includes alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and delta (δ) coronavirus (5).…”

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response

“…SARS-CoV2 is a novel β-coronavirus after the previously identified SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which led to pulmonary failure and potentially fatal respiratory tract infection and caused outbreaks mainly in Guandong, China and Saudi Arabia. In COVID- 19 research, many studies have demonstrated that bats are suspected as the key reservoir of the viruses by finding as much as 96.2% identical genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 with bat CoV RaTG13 [3,7]. In this review, we hypothesize that since the COVID-19 virus has several complex immune-evasion components that contribute to its virulence, we suggest this more complete understanding can be used to develop an effective approach in the treatment of diseases caused by this virus.…”