COVID-19: Possible Cause of Induction of Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Infection

Kishore, Rashmi; Dhakad, Shivram; Arif, Nazneen; Dar, Lalit; Mirdha, Bijay Ranjan; Aggarwal, Richa; Kabra, Sushil Kumar

doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03441-6

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…During treatment on December 16, there was a possibility of reinfection, which suggested that COVID-19 might induce the current relapse of P. ovale . Similarly, a case of COVID-19 and P. vivax coinfection was reported by Kishore et al, which also highlighted the possibility of COVID-19 infection in inducing current malarial relapse ( 7 ). Associated cytokine response with systematic illness has been postulated in P. vivax relapse ( 8 ).…”

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confidence: 73%

“…During the COVID-19 pandemic, consistent diagnosis of malaria and other infectious diseases should still be prioritized ( 7 , 9 - 11 ), especially in the areas with endemic infectious diseases such as those in Africa. In addition, invested funds related to malaria elimination were reduced or interrupted and might have lead to the interruption of malaria-related diagnostic tools and drug supply, which might have delayed targets and implementation of the malaria control strategies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The First Reported Case of COVID-19 and <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Malaria Coinfection — Guangdong Province, China, January 2021

Chen¹,

ShiTong²,

Ai³

et al. 2021

China CDC Weekly

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The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge to global health (1-3). The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of malaria, such as fever, myalgia, fatigue, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to the heavy burden of medical services and the possible shortage of resources caused by the long-term COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of coinfection of malaria and COVID-19 is a matter of particular concern. Here we reported the first case of COVID-19 coinfection with Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) malaria in a 47-year-old man who had been previously diagnosed with Plasmodium infection and incompletely treated with antimalarial drugs.The 47-year-old man worked from October 30, 2018 to December 16, 2020 in Masindi, Uganda, in an area dually affected by malaria and COVID-19. On December 19, 2020, the nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 virus testing using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and malaria rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) both had negative results when the patient returned from Uganda and entered Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China. However, on December 25, the nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 virus test result was positive, and the patient was admitted to a COVID-19 ward for further observation and symptom control on the next day. On December 29, the patient experienced chills, fever, muscle pain, and other clinical symptoms. On December 31, the results of blood smear test showed that the different blood stages of P. ovale, including trophozoites and schizonts, were consistent with P. ovale (Figure 1). In addition, the blood smear identified trophozoites of P. ovale with a parasitemia of 0.01%. The plasmodial ssrRNA (MW768131) and P. ovale sp. tryptophan-rich antigen (potra) (MW872056) gene were amplified by nested PCR, respectively (4-6). After sequencing, the protozoan was identified as P. ovale wallikeri (P. o. wallikeri).The patient's symptoms were mild and resolved completely after treatment with primaquine for 24

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confidence: 73%

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confidence: 99%

The First Reported Case of COVID-19 and <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Malaria Coinfection — Guangdong Province, China, January 2021

Chen¹,

ShiTong²,

Ai³

et al. 2021

China CDC Weekly

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“…To date, only a few clinical cases of malaria and COVID-19 co-infection [ 15 , 16 ] have been reported in the scientific literature, and wider studies are needed to improve knowledge on this topic.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It would be recommended, especially in areas where malaria is endemic areas, and also because of the availability of malaria tests [ 26 ], to double-screen patients with suggestive symptoms for both COVID-19 and malaria. This could bring benefits in contrasting these two infectious diseases, reducing the death toll, and improving the outcome [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings

et al. 2020

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Malaria and COVID-19 may have similar aspects and seem to have a strong potential for mutual influence. They have already caused millions of deaths, and the regions where malaria is endemic are at risk of further suffering from the consequences of COVID-19 due to mutual side effects, such as less access to treatment for patients with malaria due to the fear of access to healthcare centers leading to diagnostic delays and worse outcomes. Moreover, the similar and generic symptoms make it harder to achieve an immediate diagnosis. Healthcare systems and professionals will face a great challenge in the case of a COVID-19 and malaria syndemic. Here, we present an overview of common and different findings for both diseases with possible mutual influences of one on the other, especially in countries with limited resources.

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“…The presence of zoonotic viral genome in P. vivax ( Charon et al., 2019 ), which was pointed also by others ( De Souza, 2020 ), was mentioned as a basis of related work ( Mehta et al., 2020 ). Also, one case study reported co-infection with COVID-19 and P. vivax in a 10-year-old boy ( Kishore et al., 2020 ). The boy received incomplete primaquine therapy six months before, for the P. vivax infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptides of H. sapiens and P. falciparum that are predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02 and homologous to a SARS-CoV-2 peptide

Adıgüzel

2021

Acta Tropica

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Aim This study is looking for a common pathogenicity between SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium species, in individuals with certain HLA serotypes. Methods 1 . Tblastx searches of SARS-CoV-2 are performed by limiting searches to five Plasmodium species that infect humans. 2 . Aligned sequences in the respective organisms’ proteomes are searched with blastp. 3 . Binding predictions of the identified SARS-CoV-2 peptide to HLA supertype representatives are performed. 4 . Blastp searches of predicted epitopes that bind strongly to the identified HLA allele are performed by limiting searches to H. sapiens and Plasmodium species, separately. 5 . Peptides with minimum 60% identity to the predicted epitopes are found in results. 6 . Peptides among those, which bind strongly to the same HLA allele, are predicted. 7 . Step- 4 is repeated by limiting searches to H. sapiens , followed by the remaining steps until step- 7 , for peptides sourced by Plasmodium species after step -6 . Results SARS-CoV-2 peptide with single letter amino acid code CFLGYFCTCYFGLFC has the highest identity to P. vivax . Its YFCTCYFGLF part is predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02. Peptides in the human proteome both homologous to YFCTCYFGLF and with a strong binding affinity to HLA-A*24:02 are YYCARRFGLF, YYCHCPFGVF, and YYCQQYFFLF. Such peptides in the Plasmodium species’ proteomes are FFYTFYFELF, YFVACLFILF, and YFPTITFHLF. The first one belonging to P. falciparum has a homologous peptide (YFYLFSLELF) in the human proteome, which also has a strong binding affinity to the same HLA allele. Conclusion Immune responses to the identified-peptides with similar sequences and strong binding affinities to HLA-A*24:02 can be related to autoimmune response risk in individuals with HLA-A*24:02 serotypes, upon getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or P. falciparum .

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COVID-19: Possible Cause of Induction of Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Infection

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

The First Reported Case of COVID-19 and <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Malaria Coinfection — Guangdong Province, China, January 2021

The First Reported Case of COVID-19 and <i>Plasmodium ovale</i> Malaria Coinfection — Guangdong Province, China, January 2021

Malaria and COVID-19: Common and Different Findings

Peptides of H. sapiens and P. falciparum that are predicted to bind strongly to HLA-A*24:02 and homologous to a SARS-CoV-2 peptide

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