COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction

Karamali, Katerina; Elliott, Michael R.; Hopkins, Claire

doi:10.1097/moo.0000000000000783

Cited by 77 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…COVID-19 has a number of long-term sequelae that extend beyond the acute infection and, as far as it can be predicted so far, last for months and in a certain percentage of patients, even longer. COVID-associated olfactory loss remains detectable for more than 6 months in a large number of patients [ 6 ] and even in the long-term course, limitations in the ability to smell seem to persist in about 7% of those affected [ 11 ]. When assessing olfactory function with validated psychophysical tools more than 1 year after the infection, an olfactory impairment seems to be present in more than 40% of these patients [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life

Otte

Haehner

Bork

et al. 2022

ORL

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Introduction: COVID-19 can be associated with a variety of longer-lasting impairments that can have a significant impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL). While this is well described in the literature for limitations in lung capacity or permanent headaches, there is little research on the impact of olfactory dysfunction in the context of COVID-19 on patients’ QoL. Methods: In 65 patients with a history of COVID-19, the present olfactory ability was assessed using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. In addition, olfactory QoL was assessed by the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Self-assessment was performed with visual analogue scales. The data were compared with the results obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with hyposmia due to other viral infections. Results: The QoL of COVID-19 patients was significantly lower compared to the healthy control group. Even recovered subjects whose olfaction had already returned to the normal range still had a reduced QoL. The severity of the olfactory impairment correlated with the reduction in QoL. However, the olfactory QoL of COVID-19 patients was not worse than that of patients’ olfactory loss due to other viral infections. Patients with parosmia had reduced QoL and rated their situation worse than patients without parosmia. Conclusion: QoL appears to be impaired in patients with long-lasting COVID-19 olfactory disorders several months after overcoming acute symptoms, even if olfaction has normalized. However, the impairment is not more pronounced than in patients with other postviral olfactory disorders of the same duration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life

Otte

Haehner

Bork

et al. 2022

ORL

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“…ACE2 receptors, which are important for SARS-CoV‑2 entry, are expressed by the supporting cells and possibly the horizontal basal cells of the OE [ 33 , 41 ]. Damage to these cells may result in decreased sensitivity and loss of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) cilia with loss of smell, even though the ORNs themselves do not express ACE2 receptors and are not directly infected according to previous findings [ 42 ].…”

Section: Pathophysiological Mechanisms Of Olfactory Dysfunction In Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory and gustatory disorders in COVID-19

et al. 2022

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SummaryLoss of olfaction is one of the symptoms most commonly reported by patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although the spontaneous recovery rate is high, recent studies have shown that up to 7% of patients remain anosmic for more than 12 months after the onset of infection, leaving millions of people worldwide suffering from severe olfactory impairment. Olfactory training remains the first recommended treatment. With the continued lack of approved drug treatments, new therapeutic options are being explored. This article reviews the current state of science on COVID-19-related olfactory disorders, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, cure rates, currently available treatment options, and research on new treatments.

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“…Interest in taste and olfaction as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools has been fuelled by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, during which many persons developed chemosensory symptoms. The loss of sense of smell apparently had a prevalence of 47%, ranging from 11 to 84%, due to differences in symptom detection (for a discussion see Karamali et al, 2022 ), with psychophysical testing being more reliable than self-report ( Bordin et al, 2021 ). The actual prevalence of these disorders is hardly estimated because patients may not report paucisymptomatic disease or may not be aware of their disturbances.…”

Section: Olfaction and Taste On The Stage With Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases

Caretta

Mucignat-Caretta

2022

Front. Neural Circuits

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Chemosensory systems are deemed marginal in human pathology. In appraising their role, we aim at suggesting a paradigm shift based on the available clinical and experimental data that will be discussed. Taste and olfaction are polymodal sensory systems, providing inputs to many brain structures that regulate crucial visceral functions, including metabolism but also endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, other visceral chemosensory systems monitor different essential chemical parameters of “milieu intérieur,” transmitting their data to the brain areas receiving taste and olfactory inputs; hence, they participate in regulating the same vital functions. These chemosensory cells share many molecular features with olfactory or taste receptor cells, thus they may be affected by the same pathological events. In most COVID-19 patients, taste and olfaction are disturbed. This may represent only a small portion of a broadly diffuse chemosensory incapacitation. Indeed, many COVID-19 peculiar symptoms may be explained by the impairment of visceral chemosensory systems, for example, silent hypoxia, diarrhea, and the “cytokine storm”. Dysregulation of chemosensory systems may underlie the much higher mortality rate of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) compared to ARDSs of different origins. In chronic non-infectious diseases like hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, the impairment of taste and/or olfaction has been consistently reported. This may signal diffuse chemosensory failure, possibly worsening the prognosis of these patients. Incapacitation of one or few chemosensory systems has negligible effects on survival under ordinary life conditions but, under stress, like metabolic imbalance or COVID-19 pneumonia, the impairment of multiple chemosensory systems may lead to dire consequences during the course of the disease.

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COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction

Cited by 77 publications

References 68 publications

Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life

Impact of COVID-19-Mediated Olfactory Loss on Quality of Life

Olfactory and gustatory disorders in COVID-19

Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases

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