COVID-19’s immuno-pathology and cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID-19 in worldwide causes recent millions of morbidity and mortality in all countries and is the most important challenge in the world in recent years. Coronavirus is a single-stranded RNA virus and infection with COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung inflammation, cytokine storm, and death. The other complications include endothelial dysfunction, activation of coagulation, thromboembolic events, and vascular disease. Cardiovascular complications such as myocardial and stroke ischemia, pulmonary thromboembolism, systemic arterial, and deep vein thrombosis were reported. In this review, we presented immuno-pathological mechanisms and the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, heart, vessels, coagulation system, and molecular glance of immuno-inflammation to the COVID-19’s pathology on the cardiovascular system.

The interplay between Sars-Cov-2 infection related cardiovascular diseases and depression. Common mechanisms, shared symptoms

“…Apart from myocardial infarction cardiomyocyte damage may be clinically manifested as myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and even cardiogenic shock [ 16 ]. Cytokine-induced myocardial cell injury contributes to the activation of heat-shock proteins, leading to further inflammation, mechanical and arrhythmic complications, and cardiomyopathy [ 16 ]. Symptoms related to mechanical and arrhythmic complications include chest pain, dyspnea, and palpitation [ 10 ].…”

Relationship of atrial fibrillation and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure patients

“…57 Even today, a relationship between metabolic components and lower plasma NT-proBNP concentration has also been reported. 58,59 Different aetiologies can be considered for the high level of NT-proBNP in patients with fibrillation, such as, first, sometimes the cause of increased NT-proBNP is directly related to immediate hemodynamic changes during AF 60 ; second, high levels of NT-proBNP are sometimes related to chronic structural or functional remodelling of the heart as a result of persistent episodes of AF; and third, an increase in this marker sometimes only indicates that patients with AF have more advanced HF. 12 It is often unclear how elevated NT-proBNP levels in patients with HF and AF should be interpreted.…”

“…Various side factors affect the NT‐proBNP serum level, such as age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index, kidney function, and heart rhythm (sinus rhythm vs. AF) 57 . Even today, a relationship between metabolic components and lower plasma NT‐proBNP concentration has also been reported 58,59 …”

A Rare Single Case of COVID-19-Induced Acute Myocarditis and Encephalopathy Presenting Simultaneously

“…A cohort study found that dyspnea was the most prevalent complaint during hospitalization [ 6 ]. Over the course of the pandemic, reports of multi-organ system involvement during infection have increased, including the cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS) [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

“…Chronic comorbidities such as hypertension have been associated with the severity of cardiac illness [ 8 ]. The mechanisms of cardiac involvement during a COVID-19 infection are not well understood, with studies attributing cardiac injury to the direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of cardiac cells, or myocardial damage developing from an increased metabolic demand due to a systemic infection and ongoing hypoxia [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Several case series linked elevated cardiac biomarkers to myocardial injury, leading to a poorer prognosis and increased mortality rate [ 10 ].…”