COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and evolving variants: understanding the immunological footprint

Zaeck, Luca M; GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H.; Vries, Rory D de

doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00140-6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, protection against infection diminishes over time due to decreasing immune response and the appearance of variants that can evade elimination by the antibody response. In a meta-analysis by Zaeck et al, the effectiveness of various vaccines diminished over time and they were found to be 86% effective in reducing death after 168-195 days, 79% effective in reducing hospitalizations after 224-251 days, and 47% effective in reducing infections after 280-307 days [201]. In the same study, the authors reported that booster doses enhance the effectiveness of all forms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, resulting in a 70% increase in protection against infection and an 89% increase in protection against hospitalization [201].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a meta-analysis by Zaeck et al, the effectiveness of various vaccines diminished over time and they were found to be 86% effective in reducing death after 168-195 days, 79% effective in reducing hospitalizations after 224-251 days, and 47% effective in reducing infections after 280-307 days [201]. In the same study, the authors reported that booster doses enhance the effectiveness of all forms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, resulting in a 70% increase in protection against infection and an 89% increase in protection against hospitalization [201]. Therefore, determining whether booster doses are necessary requires an understanding of the duration of protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficacy of existing immunizations has been questioned due to several variables, including the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies suggest that while there might be a small decrease in effectiveness against certain variants, immunizations, particularly mRNA vaccines, remain advantageous in terms of preventing serious illnesses caused by mutations [201,205]. However, continued research and surveillance are crucial for optimizing the efficacy of immunizations and adapting them to new and emerging variants.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Kumar,

Tripathi,

Kumar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is crucial to comprehending disease progression and the significance of vaccine and therapeutic development. The emergence of highly contagious variants poses a significant challenge to humoral immunity, underscoring the necessity of grasping the intricacies of specific antibodies. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of antibodies in shaping immune responses and their implications for diagnosing, preventing, and treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It delves into the kinetics and characteristics of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and explores current antibody-based diagnostics, discussing their strengths, clinical utility, and limitations. Furthermore, we underscore the therapeutic potential of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, discussing various antibody-based therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-cytokines, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmunoglobulin-based therapies. Moreover, we offer insights into antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, emphasizing the significance of neutralizing antibodies in order to confer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, along with emerging variants of concern (VOCs) and circulating Omicron subvariants. We also highlight challenges in the field, such as the risks of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and shed light on the challenges associated with the original antigenic sin (OAS) effect and long COVID. Overall, this review intends to provide valuable insights, which are crucial to advancing sensitive diagnostic tools, identifying efficient antibody-based therapeutics, and developing effective vaccines to combat the evolving threat of SARS-CoV-2 variants on a global scale.

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Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sars-cov-2 Vaccine Efficacies and Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Kumar,

Tripathi,

Kumar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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show abstract

“…While the mRNA-based vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 were initially shown to have higher vaccine efficacy over adenovirus-vectored vaccines (Ad26.COV2.S and ChAdOx1-S) in a primary vaccination series 3 , 9 , it is not known whether different original priming regimens have a long-lasting imprinting effect on the magnitude, durability, or breadth of the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response 10 . Heterologous COVID-19 vaccination with different vaccine platforms but the same S antigen was demonstrated to be at least non-inferior regarding immunogenicity when compared to homologous priming with either mRNA-based or adenovirus-based vaccines alone 11 – 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Original COVID-19 priming regimen impacts the immunogenicity of bivalent BA.1 and BA.5 boosters

Zaeck,

Tan,

Rietdijk

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Waning antibody responses after COVID-19 vaccination combined with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage led to reduced vaccine effectiveness. As a countermeasure, bivalent mRNA-based booster vaccines encoding the ancestral spike protein in combination with that of Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 were introduced. Since then, different BA.2-descendent lineages have become dominant, such as XBB.1.5, JN.1, or EG.5.1. Here, we report post-hoc analyses of data from the SWITCH-ON study, assessing how different COVID-19 priming regimens affect the immunogenicity of bivalent booster vaccinations and breakthrough infections (NCT05471440). BA.1 and BA.5 bivalent vaccines boosted neutralizing antibodies and T-cells up to 3 months after boost; however, cross-neutralization of XBB.1.5 was poor. Interestingly, different combinations of prime-boost regimens induced divergent responses: participants primed with Ad26.COV2.S developed lower binding antibody levels after bivalent boost while neutralization and T-cell responses were similar to mRNA-based primed participants. In contrast, the breadth of neutralization was higher in mRNA-primed and bivalent BA.5 boosted participants. Combined, our data further support the current use of monovalent vaccines based on circulating strains when vaccinating risk groups, as recently recommended by the WHO. We emphasize the importance of the continuous assessment of immune responses targeting circulating variants to guide future COVID-19 vaccination policies.

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“…Meanwhile, the AstraZeneca vaccine was 60% effective against symptomatic disease due to the B.1.617.2 variant after two doses compared to 66% effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 variant [ 16 ]. The estimated vaccine effectiveness was lower for the omicron variant for infections, hospitalisations, and mortality at baseline compared with that of other variants, but subsequent reductions occurred at a similar rate across variants [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: An empirical study from Malaysia

Hwang,

Vaithilingam,

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Vaccination has been one of the most effective preventive strategies to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as the COVID-19 vaccines’ effect wanes off after some time and given their reduced level of protection against mutation strains of the virus, the calls for boosters and second boosters signal the need for continuous vaccination for the foreseeable future. As Malaysia transitions into the endemic phase, the nation’s ability to co-exist with the virus in the endemic phase will hinge on people’s continuance intention to be vaccinated against the virus. Adapting the expectations confirmation model (ECM) to the public health context and in a developing country, this study integrates the ECM with the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to examine the inter-relationships of the predictors of people’s continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Methodology Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from 1,914 respondents aged 18 and above by a marketing consulting firm via its online panel. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was used to analyze the data. Results Out of the 1,914 respondents, 55.9% reported having a continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19, similar to other developing countries. The multivariate analysis revealed that perceived usefulness and satisfaction significantly influenced individuals’ continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Additionally, attitude was found to play a key role in influencing behavioral change among individuals towards their perceptions of continuously getting vaccinated against COVID-19. Conclusions By integrating three theoretical frameworks (i.e., HBM, TRA and ECM), this study showed that behavioral characteristics could provide insights towards continuance vaccination intention. Hence, policymakers and key stakeholders can develop effective public health strategies or interventions to encourage vaccine booster uptake by targeting behavioral factors such as perceived usefulness, attitude, satisfaction, and subjective norms.

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COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and evolving variants: understanding the immunological footprint

Cited by 10 publications

References 10 publications

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

From Detection to Protection: Antibodies and Their Crucial Role in Diagnosing and Combatting SARS-CoV-2

Original COVID-19 priming regimen impacts the immunogenicity of bivalent BA.1 and BA.5 boosters

The continuance intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: An empirical study from Malaysia

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