Covid-19 vaccines: delivering protective immunity

Sewell, Herb F.; Agius, Raymond; Kendrick, Denise; Stewart, Marcia

doi:10.1136/bmj.m4838

Cited by 55 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These assays should provide guidance to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the individual and community levels, identify immune presumptive protected persons who can serve as potential plasma donors, and for vaccine development [1]. In addition, serology assays are expected to play a critical role in testing the currently approved vaccines' efficiency by measuring the level of produced antibodies, determining their durability, and identifying thresholds of protection [3,4]. This is particularly important since it is still unknown how long immunity against SARS-CoV-2 lasts after vaccination [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Antibody Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Diagnostic Assessment of New IgM/IgG ELISA Kits

et al. 2021

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This study aims to study the immune response and evaluate the performances of four new IgM and five IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for detecting anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies against different antigens in symptomatic and asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. A total of 291 samples collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic RT–PCR-confirmed patients were used to evaluate the ELISA kits’ performance (EDI, AnshLabs, DiaPro, NovaLisa, and Lionex). The sensitivity was measured at three different time-intervals post symptoms onset or positive SARS-CoV-2 RT–PCR test (≤14, 14–30, >30 days). The specificity was investigated using 119 pre-pandemic serum samples. The sensitivity of all IgM kits gradually decreased with time, ranging from 48.7% (EDI)–66.4% (Lionex) at ≤14 days, 29.1% (NovaLisa)–61.8% (Lionex) at 14–30 days, and 6.0% (AnshLabs)–47.9% (Lionex) at >30 days. The sensitivity of IgG kits increased with time, peaking in the latest interval (>30 days) at 96.6% (Lionex). Specificity of IgM ranged from 88.2% (Lionex)–99.2% (EDI), while IgG ranged from 75.6% (DiaPro)–98.3% (Lionex). Among all RT–PCR-positive patients, 23 samples (7.9%) were seronegative by all IgG kits, of which only seven samples (30.4%) had detectable IgM antibodies. IgM assays have variable and low sensitivity, thus considered a poor marker for COVID-19 diagnosis. IgG assays can miss at least 8% of RT–PCR-positive cases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Antibody Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Diagnostic Assessment of New IgM/IgG ELISA Kits

et al. 2021

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“…However, the duration of persistence of the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 remains to be elucidated and to be identified by clinical studies; it is probably dependent on the individual host response. Recent evidence, however, shows that the antibody response is not the only one produced by mRNA vaccines and argues that another important weapon to defend against Sars-Cov-2 is cellular immunity through the development of specific T lymphocytes (Sewell et al 2020). A most critical question is, how long does cell-mediated immunity protect people from a new COVID-19 infection?…”

Section: Vaccines Mrna Against Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brief review of the mRNA vaccines COVID-19

Vitiello

Ferrara²

2021

Inflammopharmacol

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The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to claim victims worldwide, representing a health and socioeconomic challenge with few precedents in human history. The therapeutic agents used to treat COVID-19 infection are mostly aimed at avoiding the most serious complications and organ damage that in a percentage of cases can be fatal. Recently, the first COVID-19 vaccines have been authorised, starting a massive vaccination campaign worldwide. The COVID-19 vaccines authorized or under testing use different methods of action such as mRNA, DNA vaccine, viral vector, protein subunit, and virus inactivated immunization strategies. The mRNA vaccines are the first authorised vaccines with this new method of action, initiating a new era of preventive medicine. To date, data indicate that they may be effective against the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 variants. Short-term studies indicated an acceptable safety profile but long-term immunity as well as safety is not yet available. In this article, we briefly describe mRNA vaccines and highlight some aspects yet to be fully defined.

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“…Even in the complete absence of a B-cell response, vaccination is recommended by some scientific societies, since (T-) cellular immune responses also contribute to a protective effect. For COVID-19 in particular, there are increasing data that the cellular immune memory is important for protection against reinfection after a previous infection [ 81 , 82 ]. However, this might not reflect the situation after vaccination with the viral spike antigens.…”

Section: Recommendations Regarding Covid-19 Vaccination For Special Groups Of the Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunologically relevant aspects of the new COVID-19 vaccines—an ÖGAI (Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology) and AeDA (German Society for Applied Allergology) position paper

et al. 2021

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Summary Background The vaccines against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approved in the European Union represent a decisive step in the fight against the pandemic. The application of these available vaccines to patients with pre-existing immunological conditions leads to a multitude of questions regarding efficacy, side effects and the necessary patient information. Results This review article provides insight into mechanisms of action of the currently available severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and summarises the current state of science as well as expert recommendations regarding tolerability of the vaccines. In addition, the potential to develop protective immune responses is determined. A special focus is given on patients under immunosuppression or in treatment with immunomodulatory drugs. Special groups of the population such as children, pregnant women and the elderly are also considered. Conclusion Despite the need for a patient-specific risk–benefit assessment, the consensus among experts is that patients with immunological diseases in particular benefit from the induced immune protection after COVID-19 vaccination and do not have an increased risk of side effects.

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Covid-19 vaccines: delivering protective immunity

Abstract: Evidence supports both T and B cell responses to the three leading vaccines

Cited by 55 publications

References 16 publications

Evaluation of Antibody Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Diagnostic Assessment of New IgM/IgG ELISA Kits

Evaluation of Antibody Response in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients and Diagnostic Assessment of New IgM/IgG ELISA Kits

Brief review of the mRNA vaccines COVID-19

Immunologically relevant aspects of the new COVID-19 vaccines—an ÖGAI (Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology) and AeDA (German Society for Applied Allergology) position paper

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