Cox-2, iNOS and p53 as play-makers of tumor angiogenesis (review).

Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and active renin concentrations and prostaglandin E2 urinary excretion in patients with adrenal tumours

“…Strong COX-2 and VEGF expression highly correlated with increased tumour microvascular density; new vessels proliferate in areas of the tumours that express COX-2. In vitro, PGE 2 is an inducer of basic regulators of angiogenesis, including VEGF (5,18). In our study, urinary PGE 2 did not differ significantly among the four groups of adrenocortical tumours, suggesting that PGE 2 might not be a relevant marker of adrenal tumours.…”

“…In various cancer tissues prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) stimulates VEGF expression (4). On the other hand, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, NS-398, restores tumour cell apoptosis, reduces microvascular density and reduces tumour growth of PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells xenografted into nude mice (5).…”

Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inflammation Mediators Have a Crucial Role in Reflux-Related Esophageal Histological Changes and Barrett’s Esophagus

“…COX-1 is considered a housekeeping gene and is constitutively expressed in most normal tissues, whereas COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, which can be rapidly induced by cytokines, inflammatory mediators, growth factors and tumour promoters and is related to human inflammatory diseases and carcinogenesis in different tissues [1][2][3][4][5]. A large body of evidence suggests that induction of COX-2 plays a pivotal role in cancer development by promoting cell proliferation, decreasing apoptosis rate, stimulating angiogenesis and increasing invasive and metastatic potential of the primary tumour [6][7][8][9]. A role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis is also indirectly supported by a wealth of epidemiological data which have shown an association of the long-term use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with a decreased incidence of colorectal, gastric and oesophageal cancers [10].…”

A New Terrein Glucoside, a Novel Inhibitor of Angiogenin Secretion in Tumor Angiogenesis

“…Several tumor cells are known to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic-fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and IGF-I and to stimulate tumor angiogenesis [4]. They also produce inflammatory angiogenic molecules such as COX-2, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and IL-8 and influence neo-angiogenesis [5]. Therefore, inhibition of actions of these angiogenic factors could result in suppression of tumor growth through disruption of the tumor angiogenesis.…”