Coxsackievirus A16

Mao, Qunying; Wang, Yiping; Yao, Xin; Bian, Lianlian; Wu, Xing; Xu, Miao; Liang, Zhenglun

doi:10.4161/hv.27087

Cited by 149 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…It is reported that the EV-A group is responsible for more than 90% of HFMD cases, 2 among which EV-A71 and CV-A16 are the main pathogens of HFMD outbreaks worldwide. 3, 4 EV-A71 is responsible for most severe cases and deaths. 19 CV-A6 and CV-A10 may also cause HFMD outbreaks, while other viruses in the EV-A group mainly cause HA and may also lead to sporadic HFMD cases.…”

Section: Ev-related Disease Epidemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EV-A71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases

Mao

Wang

Bian

et al. 2016

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common viral agents in humans. Although most infections are mild or asymptomatic, there is a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that may be caused by EV infections with varying degrees of severity. Among these viruses, EV-A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) CV-A16 from group A EVs attract the most attention because they are responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Other EV-A viruses such as CV-A6 and CV-A10 were also reported to cause HFMD outbreaks in several countries or regions. Group B EVs such as CV-B3, CV-B5 and echovirus 30 were reported to be the main pathogens responsible for myocarditis and encephalitis epidemics and were also detected in HFMD patients. Vaccines are the best tools to control infectious diseases. In December 2015, China's Food and Drug Administration approved two inactivated EV-A71 vaccines for preventing severe HFMD.The CV-A16 vaccine and the EV-A71-CV-A16 bivalent vaccine showed substantial efficacy against HFMD in pre-clinical animal models. Previously, research on EV-B group vaccines was mainly focused on CV-B3 vaccine development. Because the HFMD pathogen spectrum has changed, and the threat from EV-B virus-associated severe diseases has gradually increased, it is necessary to develop multivalent HFMD vaccines. This study summarizes the clinical symptoms of diseases caused by EVs, such as HFMD, myocarditis and encephalitis, and the related EV vaccine development progress. In conclusion, developing multivalent EV vaccines should be strongly recommended to prevent HFMD, myocarditis, encephalitis and other severe diseases.

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Section: Ev-related Disease Epidemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 EV-A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) CV-A16 from the EV-A group are the main pathogens responsible for worldwide HFMD outbreaks. 3, 4 In addition to EV-A71 and CV-A16, several other EV-A may also cause HFMD. In recent years, CV-A6 and CV-A10 have gradually replaced EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the main pathogens of HFMD outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EV-A71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases

Mao

Wang

Bian

et al. 2016

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…Mistakes are amplified if misidentified genotypes and incorrect conclusions are referred to and quoted by subsequent authors. In fact, these mistakes have already been quoted in an otherwise excellent review (5). Considering that the molecular phylogeny of CVA16 is associated with epidemiology and vaccine development research, the comprehensive recognition of genotype identifications by researchers could be extremely important.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Phylogeny of Coxsackievirus A16

et al. 2014

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“…Besides EV71, HFMD could also be caused by coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) infection (1). Infection with EV71 is sometimes associated with severe central nervous system diseases (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Enterovirus 71 by Adenosine Analog NITD008

Deng

Yeo

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major viral pathogen in China and Southeast Asia. There is no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral therapy for EV71 infection. NITD008, an adenosine analog, is an inhibitor of flavivirus that blocks viral RNA synthesis. Here we report that NITD008 has potent antiviral activity against EV71. In cell culture, the compound inhibits EV71 at a 50% effective concentration of 0.67 M and a 50% cytotoxic concentration of 119.97 M. When administered at 5 mg/kg in an EV71 mouse model, the compound reduced viral loads in various organs and completely prevented clinical symptoms and death. To study the antiviral mechanism and drug resistance, we selected escape mutant viruses by culturing EV71 with increasing concentrations of NITD008. Resistance mutations were reproducibly mapped to the viral 3A and 3D polymerase regions. Resistance analysis with recombinant viruses demonstrated that either a 3A or a 3D mutation alone could lead to resistance to NITD008. A combination of both 3A and 3D mutations conferred higher resistance, suggesting a collaborative interplay between the 3A and 3D proteins during viral replication. The resistance results underline the importance of combination therapy required for EV71 treatment.

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Coxsackievirus A16

Cited by 149 publications

References 59 publications

EV-A71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases

EV-A71 vaccine licensure: a first step for multivalent enterovirus vaccine to control HFMD and other severe diseases

Molecular Phylogeny of Coxsackievirus A16

Inhibition of Enterovirus 71 by Adenosine Analog NITD008

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