Craniofacial Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults: Outer Canthal, Inner Canthal, Palpebral Fissure, and Interpupillary Distances

Abstract

This study aims to examine the values of the orbital region in Turkish young adults by the two-dimensional photogrammetry. Anthropometric measurements of the eye and eyelid-related parameters were taken from 100 female and 100 male volunteer Turkish young adults, ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. Endocanthion (en), exocanthion (ex), and pupil ( p) were identified on the photograph and the distances between these points were measured with the ImageJ program. The average values of the en-en, ex-en (R), ex-en (L), p-p, and ex-ex were found as 32.92

External Ear Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults

“…Moreover, there are quite a lot of craniofacial anthropometric measurements, angles, and ratios. Although there are studies in which craniofacial anthropometric parameters are evaluated collectively in the literature, 25 it is also seen that there are studies that separately examine specific structures such as the orbital region, 19,26 lips, 27 nose, 23 and external ear 13 to obtain more detailed results and to evaluate more specifically.…”

“…Likewise, detailed information about the morphology of the external ear can be used in forensic diagnosis, facial reconstruction, surgical procedures for ear replacement, and ergonomic design of hearing aids 2,10,18 . There are many studies about craniofacial measurements in the literature 19–21 . However, it is seen that outer ear morphometry is relatively less examined than other parts of the face 18 .…”

Anthropometric Periocular Soft Tissue Analysis From Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Photogrammetric Measurements

“…The periocular landmarks were palpebral superior (ps), palpebral inferior (pi); endocanthion (en), exocanthion (ex); orbitale superior (os), orbitale inferior (oi), and pupillary (p). 8,9 The measurements given below were performed for each subject using the defined reference points. A total of 7 periocular parameters were analyzed: 3 bilateral, 3 unilateral linear, and 1 angular measurement.…”

Confusion of the Standardization in Craniofacial Soft Tissue Measurements: Frankfort Horizontal Plane or Natural Head Position?

“…1 Therefore, there are many parameters such as linear, angular, and even area measurements of the soft tissue profile and various ratios calculated using these parameters in the literature. [1][2][3] Although the evaluation of the soft tissue profile is critical and there is a lot of study in this area, there seems to be confusion in determining the head position to obtain standardization in the literature. Although there are different methods for this standardization, it is seen that generally, 2 ways, Frankfort horizontal plane and natural head position, are widely used in the literature.…”

“…The results obtained from the craniofacial morphometric analyzes are among the essential data used in diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative evaluation in fields such as maxillofacial surgery, forensic medicine, orthodontics, and plastic surgery 1 . Therefore, there are many parameters such as linear, angular, and even area measurements of the soft tissue profile and various ratios calculated using these parameters in the literature 1–3 . Although the evaluation of the soft tissue profile is critical and there is a lot of study in this area, there seems to be confusion in determining the head position to obtain standardization in the literature.…”