Crash safety concerns for out-of-position occupant postures: A look toward safety in highly automated vehicles

McMurry, Timothy L.; Poplin, Gerald S.; Shaw, Greg; Panzer, Matthew B.

doi:10.1080/15389588.2018.1458306

Cited by 43 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The protective operation of restraint systems is greatest when occupants and their ambient environment are in the intended design position (i.e., NSP) at the start of the collision. [9][10][11][12] However, real-world accident records indicate that, in many instances, both the seats and the occupants are not in the intended design position at the time of a collision. Therefore, the functional mechanism of the PSS to adjust the seat position of the occupant to NSP before a collision is important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the NSP is the standard seating condition in crash tests, this condition has limitations for understanding the effects on the occupant in an out-of-seat position (OOSP). [9][10][11][12] AEB has been reported to reduce the rates of front-impact collisions by 27%, rear-end collisions by 27-50%, and injuries from rear-end collisions by 35-56%. 13,14 Therefore, although AEB effectively reduces collisions, the possibility of collisions remains above 50%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing Occupant Safety by Pre-active Seat Control for Out-of-seat Position before Autonomous Emergency Braking Operation

Kang

Kim

Cho

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The pre-active safety seat (PSS) is a recently developed active safety system for securing occupant safety in out-of-seat position (OOSP), which was applied in the Hyundai Genesis G80 in 2020. However, there has not been sufficient quantifiable verification supporting the effectiveness of the PSS. The present study was performed to determine the effectiveness of the PSS for occupant safety in OOSP and to identify areas for additional improvement. Six test conditions were considered to determine the effectiveness of the PSS for augmentation of occupant safety in OOSP. Ten healthy men participated in the tests. Compared with the no PSS condition, maximum head excursion and neck rotation were significantly decreased in the PSS condition by 0.31–0.79-fold and 0.33–0.48-fold, respectively (p < 0.05). The PSS condition in which the seat pan was moved forward to the mid position showed a greater effect in reducing the characteristic motions related to submarining, compared with the condition in which the seat pan was moved rearward to the mid position (p < 0.05). These results suggested that PSS augments occupant safety in OOSP. This study provides valuable insights in ameliorating risks to the occupant in unintended seat positions before braking and/or collision.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Occupant Safety by Pre-active Seat Control for Out-of-seat Position before Autonomous Emergency Braking Operation

Kang

Kim

Cho

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Furthermore, current seatbelts are designed to load the strong parts of the occupant's body, traveling across the pelvis, over the shoulder, and across the chest, allowing a controlled forward motion during the crash (Adomeit and Heger, 1975;Adomeit, 1977). Any occupant position that is not upright, e.g., reclined or supine, compromises loading and control of the pelvis and chest, with submarining (the pelvis sliding under the lap belt, causing the lap belt to intrude into the soft abdomen) as a likely consequence (Dissanaike et al, 2008;McMurry et al, 2018;Boyle et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

Östling

Lundgren²,

Lübbe³

et al. 2022

Front. Future Transp.

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In future fully automated vehicles, sleeping or resting will be desirable during a drive. While a horizontal position currently appears infeasible, a relaxed seating position with a reclined seatback and an inclined seat pan which enables a safe, comfortable position for sleeping or resting is possible. However, the inclined seat pan increases the forces and moments acting on the lumbar spine of the occupant and thereby the risk of lumbar vertebra fractures in a frontal crash. An energy management system integrated into the longitudinal seat adjustment (a seat track load limiter: STLL) that can reduce this risk should be investigated. When evaluating the injury reduction potential of a new restraint system such as a STLL it is important to include variations in both occupant size and crash severity. Otherwise, there is a risk of sub-optimizing, that is, the restraint system is only working for a limited number of situations. The restraint systems addressing these variations are normally referred to as adaptive restraint systems. The first objective of the study is to develop an activation strategy (adaptive release time of the STLL) for different crash severities and occupant sizes, making full use of the available stroke distance without bottoming out the STLL. The second objective is to evaluate the potential of the adaptive STLL to reduce the risk of lumbar vertebra fractures by comparing it to 1) a fixed seat and 2) a passive version of the STLL. Simulated frontal impacts were performed with two male SAFER human body models (HBMs) as occupant surrogates: mid-sized (80 kg and 1.8 m) and large (130 kg and 1.9 m). Three crash pulse severity levels were evaluated: low (40 km/h), medium (50 km/h), and high (56 km/h) impact speeds. The fracture risk was evaluated for the five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) in three different seat conditions: 1) a seat fixed to the sled, 2) a passive STLL that moves when a given force is exceeded, and 3) an adaptive STLL which moves at a time that depends on the occupant mass and crash pulse severity. The risk for lumbar vertebra fracture increased with crash pulse severity, while HBM size had no effect on risk. For all conditions, the passive STLL reduced injury risks compared to the fixed seat, and the adaptive STLL reduced risk even further.

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“…Most passive safety tests are performed with a specifically determined position of the seat, and the ATD (anthropomorphic test device) dummies are carefully seated in order to ensure the repeatability of the tests. However, facing the development of smart vehicles which, in theory, requires minimal driver input, allowing various positions of the seat, an extensive investigation into this matter is justified [1][2][3][4][5]. Presently, the subject of nonstandard seating positions has been relatively rarely investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of a Passenger Position Seating on Recline Seat on a Head Injury during a Frontal Crash

Górniak

Matla

Górniak

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Presently, most passive safety tests are performed with a precisely specified seat position and carefully seated ATD (anthropomorphic test device) dummies. Facing the development of autonomous vehicles, as well as the need for safety verification during crashes with various seat positions such research is even more urgently needed. Apart from the numerical environment, the existing testing equipment is not validated to perform such an investigation. For example, ATDs are not validated for nonstandard seatback positions, and the most accurate method of such research is volunteer tests. The study presented here was performed on a sled test rig utilizing a 50cc Hybrid III dummy according to a full factorial experiment. In addition, input factors were selected in order to verify a safe test condition for surrogate testing. The measured value was head acceleration, which was used for calculation of a head injury criterion. What was found was an optimal seat angle −117°—at which the head injury criteria had the lowest represented value. Moreover, preliminary body dynamics showed a danger of whiplash occurrence for occupants in a fully-reclined seat.

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Crash safety concerns for out-of-position occupant postures: A look toward safety in highly automated vehicles

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Enhancing Occupant Safety by Pre-active Seat Control for Out-of-seat Position before Autonomous Emergency Braking Operation

Enhancing Occupant Safety by Pre-active Seat Control for Out-of-seat Position before Autonomous Emergency Braking Operation

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

Influence of a Passenger Position Seating on Recline Seat on a Head Injury during a Frontal Crash

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