Cratering and Blowing Soil by Rocket Engines during Lunar Landings

Metzger, Philip T.; Lane, John E.; Immer, Christopher; Clements, Sandra

doi:10.1201/9781420083330-c38

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The interaction of rocket-exhaust with the dense particle layer that covers the surfaces of the moon, Mars and some asteroids can result in potentially hazardous soil erosion in the form of high-speed particle spray or crater formation [1]. During the Apollo missions, the eroded particle VSUD\ REVFXUHG WKH DVWURQDXWV ¶ YLHZ RI WKH OXQDU VXUIDFH [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Apollo missions, the eroded particle VSUD\ REVFXUHG WKH DVWURQDXWV ¶ YLHZ RI WKH OXQDU VXUIDFH [1]. Additionally, in an attempt to mitigate the effects of the plume impingement interacting with the Martian surface, several landing techniques were tested for the Martian rovers including the use of an umbilical structure that allowed for the rockets to sit 6.5 m above the lander [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-fluid modeling of cratering in a particle bed by a subsonic turbulent jet

LaMarche

Benavides-Morán

Wachem³

et al. 2017

Powder Technology

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The Two-Fluid Method is capable of modeling large-scale (i.e., lab scale or larger) multiphase (particle-fluid) flows by treating both the fluid and particle phase as interpenetrating continua and solving mass and momentum balances for each phase. To solve for the flow of the solids phase the momentum balance requires constitutive relations in the form of normal and shear stresses ± i.e., pressures and viscosities. However, the stresses that account for frictional contacts in dense particle systems, and are relevant to this work, are empirically based. A study of the effects of adjusting the frictional model formulation (the empirical parameters of the model), by changing the overall frictional stress magnitude and the relative magnitude of the frictional viscosity to the frictional pressure, on the behavior of the bed is presented here. It was found that the magnitude of the frictional viscosity relative to the frictional pressure affects the crater growth prediction almost as much as the magnitude of the overall frictional stress. Additionally, a frictional model formulation is validated for sand particles, and predictions are compared with existing experimental data for the crater formation of a sand bed under a vertical, impinging jet of gas (Metzger et al. J Areo Eng (2008) v22, p24-32). In the low jet velocity regime (subsonic, turbulent jet), the model predicts the salient features previously measured for the growth rate of the crater of time, the profile of the crater, and the response of the crater to turning the jet off. In the high jet velocity regime (compressible, near sonic jet flow) the prediction agrees qualitatively with prior experimental observations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-fluid modeling of cratering in a particle bed by a subsonic turbulent jet

LaMarche

Benavides-Morán

Wachem³

et al. 2017

Powder Technology

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“…Today, there are a number of vehicles capable of rendezvous and docking such as the SpaceX 85 Dragon capsule ( Figure 35). The operations that are executed by these vehicles are complex, and many failure modes exist 86 . The vehicles are outfitted with a sophisticated suite of sensors that provide redundant information to the guidance system.…”

Section: Figure 34: Ssrms On the Iss Reaching Into The Dragon Externamentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial lunar propellant architecture: A collaborative study of lunar propellant production

Kornuta

Abbud-Madrid

Atkinson

et al. 2019

REACH

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“…For more on the detailed physics and effects of plume effects during descent, we refer the reader to Lane et al (), Metzger et al (, ), Immer et al (), Immer et al (), Lane and Metzger (), Kaydash et al (), Clegg et al (), and Clegg‐Watkins et al ().…”

Section: Enhancing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lunar Science for Landed Missions Workshop Findings Report

Jawin

Valencia

Clegg-Watkins

et al. 2019

Earth and Space Science

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The Lunar Science for Landed Missions workshop was convened at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center on 10–12 January, 2018. Interest in the workshop was broad, with 110 people participating in person and 70 people joining online. In addition, the workshop website (https://lunar-landing.arc.nasa.gov) includes video recordings of many of the presentations. This workshop defined a set of targets that near‐term landed missions could visit for scientific exploration. The scope of such missions was aimed primarily, but not exclusively, at commercial exploration companies with interests in pursuing ventures on the surface of the Moon. Contributed and invited talks were presented that detailed many high priority landing site options across the surface of the Moon that would meet scientific goals in a wide variety of areas, including impact cratering processes and dating, volatiles, volcanism, magnetism, geophysics, and astrophysics. Representatives from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the European Space Agency also presented about international plans for lunar exploration and science. This report summarizes the set of landing sites and/or investigations that were presented at the workshop that would address high priority science and exploration questions. In addition to landing site discussions, technology developments were also specified that were considered as enhancing to the types of investigations presented. It is evident that the Moon is rich in scientific exploration targets that will inform us on the origin and evolution of the Earth‐Moon system and the history of the inner Solar System, and also has enormous potential for enabling human exploration and for the development of a vibrant lunar commercial sector.

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Cratering and Blowing Soil by Rocket Engines during Lunar Landings

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Two-fluid modeling of cratering in a particle bed by a subsonic turbulent jet

Two-fluid modeling of cratering in a particle bed by a subsonic turbulent jet

Commercial lunar propellant architecture: A collaborative study of lunar propellant production

Lunar Science for Landed Missions Workshop Findings Report

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