Cratering rate over the surface of a synchronous satellite

Horedt, G. P.; Neukum, G.

doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90175-1

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Asymmetries of impacts onto planets or satellites have been widely studied for synchronous rotating bodies (e.g. see Horedt & Neukum 1984;Marchi et al 2004). For non-synchronous rotating bodies, like Mercury, the same considerations hold, but now the asymmetry is related to the morning-evening (am/pm) hemispheres instead of to leading-trailing ones.…”

Section: Orbital and Diurnal Asymmetriesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Flux of meteoroid impacts on Mercury

Marchi¹,

Morbidelli²,

Cremonese³

2005

A&A

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Abstract. In this work we present a new estimate of the meteoroid flux on Mercury. The flux has been obtained as a result of material delivery from both the 3:1 and ν 6 resonances, and calibrated on the basis of the Earth meteoroid flux. Our model does not take into account non-gravitational forces, like the Poynting-Robertson effect, and for this reason it is suitable for bodies having dimension greater than about 1 cm. We also analyse the dependence of the predicted impactor flux on Mercury on meteoroid size. Possible asymmetries of the meteoroid flux over the surface (morning/evening hemispheres) and along the orbit (perihelion/aphelion) are also discussed.

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Section: Orbital and Diurnal Asymmetriesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Flux of meteoroid impacts on Mercury

Marchi¹,

Morbidelli²,

Cremonese³

2005

A&A

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“…Planetocentric debris can crater symmetrically (Horedt and Neukum, 1984), but there does not appear to be a plausible source for large planetocentric objects in the jovian system. A 30-km-diameter crater on Ganymede implies a 2-km-diameter comet striking at 21 km/s, or a 5-km chunk of planetocentric debris striking at 5 km/s.…”

Section: Apex-antapex Asymmetriesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cratering rates in the outer Solar System

Zahnle

Schenk

Levison

et al. 2003

Icarus

544

738

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This paper is a compilation by table, graph, and equation of impact cratering rates from Jupiter to Pluto. We use several independent constraints on the number of ecliptic comets. Together they imply that the impact rate on Jupiter by 1.5-km-diameter comets is currentlyϩ0.006 per annum. Other kinds of impactors are currently unimportant on most worlds at most sizes. The size-number distribution of impactors smaller than 20 km is inferred from size-number distributions of impact craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Triton; while the size-number distribution of impacting bodies larger than 50 km is equated to the size-number distribution of Kuiper Belt objects. The gap is bridged by interpolation. It is notable that small craters on Jupiter's moons indicate a pronounced paucity of small impactors, while small craters on Triton imply a collisional population rich in small bodies. However it is unclear whether the craters on Triton are of heliocentric or planetocentric origin. We therefore consider two cases for Saturn and beyond: a Case A in which the size-number distribution is like that inferred at Jupiter, and a Case B in which small objects obey a more nearly collisional distribution. Known craters on saturnian and uranian satellites are consistent with either case, although surface ages are much younger in Case B, especially at Saturn and Uranus. At Neptune and especially at Saturn our cratering rates are much higher than rates estimated by Shoemaker and colleagues, presumably because Shoemaker's estimates mostly predate discovery of the Kuiper Belt. We also estimate collisional disruption rates of moons and compare these to estimates in the literature.

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“…Morota and Furumoto (2003) have used these high quality images to count young rayed craters and concluded that a factor of 1.5 enhancement exists in the current cratering record when comparing fitted crater densities precisely at the apex to those directly at the antapex. An excess of leading-hemisphere craters is expected on synchronously-rotating satellites in general; Horedt and Neukum (1984) give expressions for the expected asymmetry caused by the leading hemisphere of the satellite "sweeping up" more objects. Based on such expressions and using their previous crater counts, Morota et al (2005) concluded that the measured leading enhancement implies an average impactor encounter speed with the Earth-Moon system of 12-16 km/s, consistent (though on the low end) with previous estimates (Shoemaker 1983;Chyba et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current bombardment of the Earth–Moon system: Emphasis on cratering asymmetries

Gallant

Gladman

Ćuk

2009

Icarus

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We calculate the current spatial distribution of projectile delivery to the Earth and Moon using numerical orbital dynamics simulations of candidate impactors drawn from a debiased Near-EarthObject (NEO) model. Surprisingly, we find that the average lunar impact velocity is 20 km/s, which has ramifications in converting observed crater densities to impactor size distributions. We determine that current crater production on the leading hemisphere of the Moon is 1.29 ± 0.01 that of the trailing when considering the ratio of craters within 30 • of the apex to those within 30 • of the antapex and that there is virtually no nearside-farside asymmetry. As expected, the degree of leading-trailing asymmetry increases when the Moon's orbital distance is decreased. We examine the latitude distribution of impactor sites and find that for both the Earth and Moon there is a small deficiency of time-averaged impact rates at the poles. The ratio between deliveries within 30 • of the pole to that of a 30 • band centered on the equator is nearly unity for Earth (< 1%)(0.992 ± 0.001) but detectably non-uniform for the Moon (∼ 10%) (0.912 ± 0.004). The terrestrial arrival results are examined to determine the degree of AM/PM asymmetry to compare with meteorite fall times (of which there seems to be a PM excess). Our results show that the impact flux of objects derived from the NEOs in the AM hours is ∼ 2 times that of the PM hemisphere, further supporting the assertion that meteorite-dropping objects are recent ejections from the main asteroid belt rather than young fragments of NEOs.

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Cratering rate over the surface of a synchronous satellite

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

Flux of meteoroid impacts on Mercury

Flux of meteoroid impacts on Mercury

Cratering rates in the outer Solar System

Current bombardment of the Earth–Moon system: Emphasis on cratering asymmetries

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