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ABSTRACTThe papilionoid legume tribe Brongniartieae comprises a collection of 13 genera with disparate morphologies that were previously positioned in at least three remotely related tribes. The Brongniartieae displays a wide geographical disjunction between Australia and the New World and previous phylogenetic studies had provided conflicting results about the relationships between the American and Australian genera. We carry out phylogenetic analyses of (1) a plastid matK dataset extensively sampled across legumes to solve the enigmatic relationship of the Cuban-endemic monospecific genus Behaimia; and (2) multilocus datasets with focus on all genera ever referred toBrongniartieae. These analyses resulted in a well-resolved and strongly-supported phylogenetic tree of the Brongniartieae. Increased molecular sampling in papilionoid legume phylogeny has dramatically changed our understanding of the evolution and taxonomic classification in this species rich lineage of economically and ecologically important legumes (family Leguminosae).The prevailing traditional hypotheses of generic relationships assumed that the papilionate flower would be a signature of the most "derived" groups, whereas the more caesalpinioid and mimosoid-like floral organizations, involving undifferentiated petals and free stamens, marked mostly the "primitive" tribes within the subfamily Papilionoideae (Polhill, 1981a). Hence, such an evolutionary perspective has largely influenced the way in which the modern subfamily, tribe, and even genus-level classification of legumes was built (LPWG, 2013(LPWG, , 2017. In the past 15 years, molecular phylogenetic studies have underpinned dramatic taxonomic changes after revealing unexpected relationships, suggesting that floral architecture is relatively labile in the early-branching papilionoid lineages (e.g. Pennington et al., 2001;Wojciechowski et al., 2004; Cardoso et al., 2012aCardoso et al., , 2013aCardoso et al., , 2015Ramos et al., 2016).The recent examples of broad phylogenetic re-alignments that were unexpectedly revealed in the early-branching genera of Papilionoideae (Cardoso et al., 2012a(Cardoso et al., , 2012b(Cardoso et al., , 2012c(Cardoso et al., , 2013a(Cardoso et al., , 2017Ramos et al., 2016; Castellanos et al., in press) are not an exception across legumes. For example, dramatic shuffling in the placement of genera has also been necessary within the species-rich canavanine-accumulating clade (Wojciechowski et al., 2004;Silva et al., 2012;Sirichamorn et al., ...