Creating the park cool island in an inner-city neighborhood: heat mitigation strategy for Phoenix, AZ

Declet‐Barreto, Juan; Brazel, Anthony J.; Martin, Chris; Chow, Winston; Harlan, Sharon L.

doi:10.1007/s11252-012-0278-8

Cited by 112 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The cooling effect of vegetation is documented in Phoenix, where small (<20 ha), highly vegetated neighborhood parks create 'cool islands' when situated in the midst of densely urbanized areas (Chow et al, 2011;Declet-Barreto, Brazel, Martin, Chow, & Harlan, 2013;Jenerette et al, 2007;Middel, Häb, Brazel, Martin, & Guhathakurta, 2014). Vegetation is also found more effective at cooling hotter neighborhoods (Jenerette et al, 2015).…”

Section: Playground Design In Hot Climatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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h i g h l i g h t s• A mismatch exists between remotely sensed and in situ urban surface temperatures (T s ).• The hottest T s in a Phoenix area neighborhood were found on playground surfaces.• Children are more vulnerable to the effects of heat stress and high T s than adults.• Shade of any type is found effective in reducing T s and improving thermal safety.• Data must be collected at the touch-scale for spatially accurate high T s mitigation. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tObjectives: To provide novel quantification and advanced measurements of surface temperatures (T s ) in playgrounds, employing multiple scales of data, and provide insight into hot-hazard mitigation techniques and designs for improved environmental and public health. Methods: We conduct an analysis of T s in two Metro-Phoenix playgrounds at three scales: neighborhood (1 km resolution), microscale (6.8 m resolution), and touch-scale (1 cm resolution). Data were derived from two sources: airborne remote sensing (neighborhood and microscale) and in situ (playground site) infrared T s (touch-scale). Metrics of surface-to-air temperature deltas ( T s-a ) and scale offsets (errors) are introduced. Results: Select in situ T s in direct sunlight are shown to approach or surpass values likely to result in burns to children at touch-scales much finer than T s resolved by airborne remote sensing. Scale offsets based on neighbourhood and microscale ground observations are 3.8 • C and 7.3 • C less than the T s-a at the 1 cm touch-scale, respectively, and 6.6 • C and 10.1 • C lower than touch-scale playground equipment T s , respectively. Hence, the coarser scales underestimate high T s within playgrounds. Both natural (tree) and artificial (shade sail) shade types are associated with significant reductions in T s . Conclusions: A scale mismatch exists based on differing methods of urban T s measurement. The sub-meter touch-scale is the spatial scale at which data must be collected and policies of urban landscape design and health must be executed in order to mitigate high T s in high-contact environments such as playgrounds. Shade implementation is the most promising mitigation technique to reduce child burns, increase park usability, and mitigate urban heating.

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Section: Playground Design In Hot Climatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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“…in Sydney (Spagnolo and De Dear 2003), Dhaka (Ahmed 2003), Ghardaia (Ali-Toudert and Mayer 2006), Sri Lanka (Emmanuel 2007), Taiwan (Lin 2009), , Equador (Johansson andYahia 2011), Damascus (Yahia and Johansson 2012), , , Hong Kong (Cheng et al 2012), Phoenix (Declet-Barreto et al 2013), Singapore (Yang et al 2013), Israel (Pearlmutter et al (2014). Considerable research has also been conducted in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal differences in thermal sensation in the outdoor urban environment of Mediterranean climates – the example of Athens, Greece

2017

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Outdoor urban areas are very important for cities and microclimate is a critical parameter in the design process, contributing to thermal comfort which is important for urban developments. The research presented in this paper is part of extensive field surveys conducted in Athens aimed at investigating people's thermal sensation in a Mediterranean city. Based on 2313 questionnaires and microclimatic data the current work focuses on the relative frequencies of people's evaluation of the thermal along with the sun and wind sensations between two seasons trying to identify the seasonal differences in thermal sensation. The impact of basic meteorological factors on thermal discomfort with respect to season are also examined, as well as the use of the outdoor environment. Results show that psychological adaptation is an important contributing factor influencing perception of the thermal environment between seasons. In addition, the thermal sensation votes during the cool months show that individuals are satisfied to a great extend with the thermal environment whereas the combination of high air temperature, strong solar radiation and weak wind lead to thermal discomfort during summertime. As far as the appropriate urban design in the Mediterranean climate is concerned, priority should be given to the warm months of the year.

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“…In contrast, low income parcels and parcels near their city fringe were expected to have a positive impact on nighttime and daytime LST. The former result follows from the documented decrease in vegetation cover among low-income parcels (Declet-Barreto, Brazel, Martin, Chow, & Harlan, 2013;Harlan, Brazel, et al, 2006) and the latter, perhaps, due the prevalence of "xeric-scape" parcels among the newer residential developments on the outer edges of the metroplex. Such explanatory variables were significant only at the first stage of our analyses, which did not account for nested, neighborhood-specific data structures and spatially correlated parcels within the same neighborhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the association between land system architecture and land surface temperatures: Evidence from a Desert Metropolis—Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A

Kamarianakis

Yu³

et al. 2017

Landscape and Urban Planning

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Creating the park cool island in an inner-city neighborhood: heat mitigation strategy for Phoenix, AZ

Cited by 112 publications

References 50 publications

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Seasonal differences in thermal sensation in the outdoor urban environment of Mediterranean climates – the example of Athens, Greece

On the association between land system architecture and land surface temperatures: Evidence from a Desert Metropolis—Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A

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