Creation of quark–gluon plasma droplets with three distinct geometries

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doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0360-0

Cited by 262 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Thus a scientific debate started on the nature of this azimuthal asymmetry, whether it is related to the formation of QGP droplets or due to early-time momentum correlations. The recent experimental and theoretical results add to a growing body of evidence that even in small systems the QGP is created and during its expansion it translates efficiently the initial-state geometric eccentricity into a final-state momentum anisotropy [7]; see e.g. Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Influence of electromagnetic fields in proton-nucleus collisions at relativistic energy

et al. 2020

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We study proton-gold collisions at RHIC energy √ sNN = 200 GeV within the Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) off-shell transport approach, investigating the influence of the intense electromagnetic fields generated in these small systems. We show the space-time evolution of the magnetic and electric components, emphasizing the huge values of the latter one, in particular the electric field Ex along the impact parameter direction whose magnitude is comparable to the magnetic field By perpendicular to the reaction plane. We find a fair agreement of the charged particle pseudorapidity density of the high-multiplicity events with respect to the experimental result of the PHENIX Collaboration. Focusing on the most central collision, we show rapidity distributions and spectra as well as the flow coefficients v1 and v2 and we discuss the impact of the electromagnetic fields on identified particle observables. We compute the directed flow v1 of π + , π − , K + , K − for collisions at fixed impact parameter and predict that an electromagnetically-induced splitting in the v1 of positively and negatively charged particles is generated in the Au-going side of p+Au reaction mainly driven by the huge Ex component. We find that this effect is stronger for the strange mesons and increases for increasing impact parameter. Furthermore, we highlight the amount of directed flow generated in the deconfined phase, finding that it constitutes the main contribution in the central rapidity region, especially for kaons. Thus, we support the idea that the directed flow is a promising probe for the electromagnetic fields generated in relativistic nuclear collisions and show that in proton-induced reactions the electric component along the impact parameter axis is the primary origin of a charge-odd v1 of pions and kaons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Influence of electromagnetic fields in proton-nucleus collisions at relativistic energy

et al. 2020

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“…[6,7]). One of those data shows sizable azimuthal anisotropy in final hadron distributions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], which can be interpreted as a result of the hydrodynamic response of the QGP medium to the initial collision geometry [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Although this has been discussed actively from relativistic hydrodynamics, another interpretation is brought about also by the color glass condensate picture, which gives long-range correlation in rapidity in small colliding systems without invoking the QGP formation [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unified description of hadron yield ratios from dynamical core-corona initialization

2020

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We develop the dynamical core-corona initialization framework as a phenomenological description of the quark gluon plasma (QGP) fluids formation in high-energy nuclear collisions. Using this framework, we investigate the fraction of the fluidized energy to the total energy and strange hadron yield ratios as functions of multiplicity and scrutinize the multiplicity scaling of hadron yield ratios recently reported by ALICE Collaboration. Our results strongly indicate that the QGP fluids are partly formed even at the averaged multiplicity for non-single diffractive p+p events.

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“…In particular, experimental data from the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), have significantly boosted the interest for the study of viscous relativistic fluid dynamics, both at the level of theoretical formulations and also for the development of efficient numerical simulation methods, capable of capturing the collective behaviour observed in Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) experiments (see [11] for a recent review), down to the "smallest droplet ever made in the lab", namely a fireball of QGP just three to five protons in size [12]. Relativistic hydrodynamics has also found numerous applications in condensed matter physics, particularly for the study of strongly correlated electronic fluids in exotic (mostly 2-d) materials, such as graphene sheets and Weyl semi-metals (see [13] for a recent review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relativistic lattice Boltzmann methods: Theory and applications

et al. 2020

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We present a systematic account of recent developments of the relativistic Lattice Boltzmann method (RLBM) for dissipative hydrodynamics. We describe in full detail a unified, compact and dimension-independent procedure to design relativistic LB schemes capable of bridging the gap between the ultra-relativistic regime, k B T mc 2 , and the non-relativistic one, k B T mc 2 . We further develop a systematic derivation of the transport coefficients as a function of the kinetic relaxation time in d = 1, 2, 3 spatial dimensions. The latter step allows to establish a quantitative bridge between the parameters of the kinetic model and the macroscopic transport coefficients. This leads to accurate calibrations of simulation parameters and is also relevant at the theoretical level, as it provides neat numerical evidence of the correctness of the Chapman-Enskog procedure. We present an extended set of validation tests, in which simulation results based on the RLBMs are compared with existing analytic or semi-analytic results in the mildly-relativistic (k B T ∼ mc 2 ) regime for the case of shock propagations in quark-gluon plasmas and laminar electronic flows in ultra-clean graphene samples. It is hoped and expected that the material collected in this paper may allow the interested readers to reproduce the present results and generate new applications of the RLBM scheme.

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Creation of quark–gluon plasma droplets with three distinct geometries

Abstract: This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details.

Cited by 262 publications

References 61 publications

Influence of electromagnetic fields in proton-nucleus collisions at relativistic energy

Influence of electromagnetic fields in proton-nucleus collisions at relativistic energy

Unified description of hadron yield ratios from dynamical core-corona initialization

Relativistic lattice Boltzmann methods: Theory and applications

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