“…However, a universal shift to fully technology-driven learning faces resistance (Mirata et al, 2022). Educators, adopting a flexible approach, blend e-learning with traditional methods to strike a balance (Atwa et al, 2022;Ebbini, 2023;Setyosari et al, 2023). This flexible approach, combining computer technology, the Internet, and traditional methods, caters to diverse learning styles and promotes student interaction (Rasmitadila et al, 2023).…”