Crepidium sect. Crepidium (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae)—Chemical and Morphological Study of Flower Structures in the Context of Pollination Processes

Abstract

Crepidium is a large genus of mainly pantropical orchids. The lips of its flowers are upwardly directed and do not serve as landing platforms for pollinators. This role is assumed by the dorsal sepal and/or gynostemium. Information about the pollination and floral morphology of this genus is scarce. To date, no papers have been published on these topics. Field observations have revealed that the flowers are visited by small flies, midges, fruit flies, other small dipterans, ants, spiders, and mites. Preliminary observations revealed at least two forms of small liquid droplets secreted on the lip surface of Crepidium species: simple secretions from epidermal cells, and cell sap released upon the rupturing of raphide-producing cells. Further research revealed that this was the first time liquid secretion was recorded in this genus. Floral secretions were subjected to sequential organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Floral parts were investigated by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and histochemical tests. The presence of liquid droplets on the lip of Crepidium, the presence of a food reward, and the sequence of raphide development are reported here for the first time.

Phytochemical Analysis of Curry Leaf Extract (Murraya koenigii L.) as a Potential Animal Feed and Medicinal Ingredient

“…Tannin is stored in cell vacuoles in tissue. According to Margońska et al (2021), tannin tends to be mostly stored in idioblast cells located in epidermal tissue, the outermost part of the organ. This is because tannin has a defensive function.…”

“…This is because tannin has a defensive function. 34,35 The results of the analysis regarding the content of secondary metabolite compounds in curry leaf extract play an important role in the development of future medicines and need to be carried out to provide knowledge to the public. This study can be a basis for bioactive content for further research to expand the use of medicinal plants in the future, especially curry plants.…”

A new species of Liparis (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae, Malaxidinae) from the Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo, San Martín, Peru

“…However, in fresh flowers of L. altomayoënsis the labellum is distinctive glossy, especially the raised borders of the basal cavity and the bottom of the cavity itself, suggesting nectar mimicking, as proposed for other Liparis having a glossy central band along the labellum (Oh et al 2001). We were unable to verify whether the cavity contains nectar, which has been shown to be present at least in small quantities in some species of Liparis ( Margońska et al 2019 ; Suetsugu 2019 ). The presence of nectar or a nectar-mimicking glossy surface are suggestive of visitation and probable cross-pollination mediated by insects.…”

Vanilla planifolia Andrews (Orchidaceae): Labellum Variation and Potential Distribution in Hidalgo, Mexico

“…In many orchids, there is a high degree of pollinator specificity in flower shape; therefore, as they are specialized in pollination, the variation is minimal within the same species [48].…”

“…Flowers are organs with little morphological variation associated with their genotype [40,42,44,45]; therefore floral morphology and morphometry delimit species [46,47] and determine infraspecific variation [42]. The labellum is a fundamental structure in the biology and floral ecology of orchids due to its specificity with the pollinator [48]. The thicker region of the labellum acts as a visual attraction and landing zone for pollinators [49]; therefore, the labellum is a stable organ under constant pressure and selection from pollinators, making it a suitable indicator to identify the infraspecific variation [50].…”