Wild Mushroom Markets in Central Mexico and a Case Study at Ozumba. More than 200 species of wild edible mushrooms are consumed in Mexico, and over 100 are sold in local, regional, and wholesale markets. This paper analyzes general trends in the commercialization of wild edible mushrooms at twelve markets in central Mexico, where at least 90 species are sold and more than 100 local names were registered. The paper then focuses its analysis on the traditional market at Ozumba (state of Mexico) near Izta-Popo and Zoquiapan national parks. In 2006, 411 stands selling more than 60 mushroom species were sampled throughout the year to record information on the vendors and the species they sold. The greatest diversity of species was recorded in July and August. More than 90% of the wild mushroom vendors were women, and 64% were 40 to 60 years old. The economic value of wild mushrooms in some regions of Mexico appears to contribute to the maintenance of traditional ethnobiological knowledge, generally observed to be in overall decline.La comercialización de hongos silvestres en mercados en el centro de México: Panorama y estudio de caso en Ozumba. En México, más de 200 especies de hongos comestibles silvestres son consumidas, de las cuales más de 100 son comercializadas en mercados locales, regionales y de mayoristas. El presente artículo analiza las tendencias generales en la comercialización de los hongos silvestres comestibles en doce mercados de la parte Central de México, donde al menos 90 especies son comercializadas y se registraron más de 100 nombres comunes. Posteriormente el artículo enfoca su análisis en el mercado tradicional de Ozumba, estado de México cerca de los parques nacionales Izta-Popo y Zoquiapan. Con la finalidad de registrar información relacionada con los vendedores y las especies en venta, en 2006, se muestrearon 411 puestos los cuales comercializaron más de 60 especies de hongos a lo largo del año. La mayor diversidad de especies se registró en Julio y Agosto. Más del 90% de las vendedoras fueron mujeres y 64% tenían entre 40 y 60 años de edad. A pesar de la gran relevancia ecológica y cultural de los hongos silvestres comestibles en México, el conocimiento tradicional ancestral relacionado con los hongos parece estar declinando en tér-minos generales. Sin embargo, la importancia económica de los hongos comestibles en algunas regiones contribuye para el mantenimiento de estos conocimientos ancestrales.

The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds in relation to their nitrogen supply. PEPCK was present throughout development, with the peak of PEPCK protein and activity in the seed coat and cotyledons preceding protein accumulation in the cotyledons. It showed a different developmental pattern from enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase). Immunolocalization showed that PEPCK was present in parts of the developing seed that are involved in the transport and metabolism of assimilates. Early in development, it was associated with the inner integument of the ovule, the endospermic cytoplasm and the outer cells of the embryo. In the middle of development, around the peak of activity, PEPCK was abundant at the outer surface of the developing cotyledons, in the embryonic axis and in the vasculature of the seed coat. Later in development, PEPCK was associated with the embryonic leaf primordia and meristem and cortex of the radicle. PEPCK protein was strongly induced in vitro in the seed coat by nitrate, ammonium and asparagine, in the cotyledons by asparagine and in planta by the supply of nitrogen, which led to an increase in asparagine secretion by empty seed coats. It is suggested that PEPCK is involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous solutes in developing pea seeds.

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Br au l io e Dga r h e r r e r a-c a Br e r a 1, *, v ic tor m a n u e l sa l a Z a r-roJa s 1, 2 , a Dr i a na De lga Do -a lva r a Do 1 , Jorge c a m pos-con t r e r a s 2 , a nd J ua na ce rva n t e s-va rga s 1 1 colegio de postgraduados en ciencias agrícolas -campus puebla, programa de estrategias para el Desarrollo agrícola regional. km. 125.5 carr. Fed. méx.-pue. col. la libertad. puebla, pue, mexico. 2 universidad nacional autónoma de méxico -unidad de Biología, tecnología y prototipos (uBipro), Facultad de estudios superiores, iztacala. av. De los Barrios no. 1, los reyes iztacala, tlalnepantla edo. de méxico * corresponding author: braulio_edgar@hotmail.co.uk; behc@colpos.mx AbstrAct the use and conservation of Vanilla planifolia Jack. in Mexico requires comprehensive and detailed analysis of its genetic variation and of the issues that determine it. For this reason, we studied the variation in phytochemical contents that define vanilla aroma quality by HPlc (High Performance liquid chromatography) to identify genetic variation at the infraspecific level among 14 microsatellite loci and to study assessment criteria which determine the attitude of stakeholders regarding use and conservation of vanilla germplasm in the totonacapan region, Mexico. to this end we used the multi-attribute analysis method, aHP (analytic Hierarchy Process). the results showed the existence of six phytochemical groups (chemotypes) within V. planifolia germplasm, each with specific aromatic characteristics. the 14 loci analyzed were polymorphic for vanilla chemotypes with variable sizes, and genetic clustering of accessions coincided with phytochemical grouping (chemotypes). it was noted that the process of economic and cultural valuation of users has caused aromatic variation in vanilla germplasm, and this variation has been conserved at the regional level. thus, the data indicate that in the probable center of origin of vanilla there is genetic and phytochemical variation, knowledge of which is fundamental to the design of breeding programs to optimize the benefits of vanilla production for stakeholders and to contribute to the conservation of the primary gene pool of Vanilla planifolia.

ResumenEn orquídeas, la forma y tamaño de caracteres florales como el labelo, sirve para clasificar variación dentro y entre especies. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la variación morfológica infraespecífica a través del labelo de Vanilla pompona analizando 80 flores provenientes de 23 ejemplares del estado de Oaxaca, México. El labelo de cada flor se diseccionó y analizó mediante su morfometría geométrica, obteniéndose 60 variables que se agruparon en región basal, media y apical. Se realizó un análisis de varianza que consideró las recolectas como fuentes de variación y 2 análisis multivariados, componentes principales y conglomerados. Entre recolectas, 58 variables analizadas fueron estadísticamente significativas. El modelo explicó 81% de la variación total estudiada con los 3 primeros componentes principales. Existe variación morfológica floral del labelo en Vanilla pompona representado por 4 morfotipos en Oaxaca, resultado de la probable presión y selección por parte de los polinizadores y el ambiente, donde los complejos montañosos posiblemente han coadyuvado como barrera geográfica.