Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): A Silent but Widespread Threat

Kuehnert, Paul A.; Stefan, Christopher P.; Badger, Catherine V.; Ricks, Keersten M.

doi:10.1007/s40475-021-00235-4

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…CCHF is increasingly becoming a global threat with the increased number of human cases being reported in the Middle East and the Balkans peninsula in the past decade [42]. In Africa, apart from South Africa where cases have been reported for decades [3,43], a number of human cases of CCHF were reported recently in Uganda [9] and Namibia [3]. CCHFV has been reported in several African countries in humans, animals, or ticks [4,23,44,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a tick-borne zoonotic disease that may cause severe disease in humans [1]. CCHFV is a member of the order Bunyavirales, family Nairoviridae, and genus Orthonairovirus [2] and is considered one of the widely distributed arbovirus infecting both wild and domestic vertebrates [3]. Serological and molecular studies have provided evidence of CCHFV presence in ticks and clinically healthy non-human mammals and avian species [1,[4][5][6][7], suggesting natural circulation in these hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a lack of epidemiologic information about the presence of CCHF in Malawi despite serologic and/or molecular evidence for its presence in surrounding countries, including Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia [3,4,24,29,33,34]. Malawi's agriculture sector has changed in various aspects such as tick control strategy (from public-owned to communityowned, in the mid-1990s), increased within and cross border animal movements, and expansion of cultivation and grazing lands into natural forests and marginalized lands following human population growth [35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle of Smallholder Farmers in Central Malawi

et al. 2021

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe where it circulates among animals and ticks causing sporadic outbreaks in humans. Although CCHF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, epidemiological information is lacking in many countries, including Malawi. To assess the risk of CCHF in Malawi, we conducted an epidemiological study in cattle reared by smallholder livestock farmers in central Malawi. A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2020 involving seven districts, four from Kasungu and three from Lilongwe Agriculture Development Divisions. A structured questionnaire was administered to farmers to obtain demographic, animal management, and ecological risk factors data. Sera were collected from randomly selected cattle and screened for CCHF virus (CCHFV) specific antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit. Ticks were collected from cattle and classified morphologically to species level. An overall CCHFV seropositivity rate of 46.9% (n = 416; 95% CI: 42.0–51.8%) was observed. The seropositivity was significantly associated with the age of cattle (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), presence of ticks in herds (p = 0.01), district (p = 0.025), and type of grazing lands (p = 0.013). Five species of ticks were identified, including Hyalomma truncatum, a known vector of CCHFV. Ticks of the species Hyalomma truncatum were not detected in two districts with the highest seroprevalence for CCHF and vector competency must be further explored in the study area. To our knowledge, this is the first report of serologic evidence of the presence of CCHV among smallholder cattle in central Malawi. This study emphasizes the need for continued monitoring of CCHFV infection among livestock, ticks, and humans for the development of data-based risk mitigation strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle of Smallholder Farmers in Central Malawi

et al. 2021

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“…This lack of awareness is further underscored by the absence of an early warning surveillance and response system, an adequate health policy for disease prevention and control, and support for research to fill the gaps in our knowledge about the disease [ 4 , 14 ]. Additionally, this underestimation of the public health risk of CCHF in the country is further intensified by the limited reporting and data sharing culture among health authorities and lack of use of animals as mobile sentinel sites for early detection [ 13 , 32 ]. Therefore, the disease in Sudan commonly emerges in nosocomial outbreaks risking the lives of healthcare providers [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemics of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Sudan between 2010 and 2020

et al. 2022

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic arboviral disease that poses a great threat to global health in the Old World, and it is endemic in Europe, Asia, and Africa, including Sudan. In this retrospective study, we reviewed previous epidemiological reports about the major epidemics of CCHF throughout Sudan between 2010 and 2020. During these epidemics, the infection of humans with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), the causative agent of CCHF, was diagnosed using qRT-PCR. We have identified 88 cases of CCHF, including 13 fatalities reported during five epidemics that occurred in 2010, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2020. The two epidemics in 2010 and 2011 were by far the largest, with 51 and 27 cases reported, respectively. The majority of cases (78%) were reported in the endemic region of Kordofan. Here, we document that the first emergence of CCHFV in the Darfur region, West Sudan, occurred in 2010. We were not able to investigate outbreak dynamics through phylogenetic analysis due to the limited diagnostic capacity and the lack of sequencing services in the country. These findings call for establishing a genomic-based integrated One Health surveillance and response system for the early preparedness, prevention, and control of CCHF in the country.

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“…The success of these platforms has prompted efforts to develop panels of monoclonal antibodies against other highly pathogenic viruses with emergent pandemic potential, such as vector-borne viruses including bunyaviruses and alphaviruses. [61][62][63][64][65] Incidence of disease caused by vector-borne viruses threaten human health as the range of the host vector increases and spreads, [66][67][68] and coupled with high morbidity and mortality, the development of such therapeutics will be critical for the treatment of patients and add to the antiviral toolkit that we have to combat viruses.…”

Section: High-throughput Isolation and Identification Platforms Have Accelerated Antibody Discovery For Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection

Gunn

Bai

2021

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibodymediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.

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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): A Silent but Widespread Threat

Cited by 34 publications

References 56 publications

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle of Smallholder Farmers in Central Malawi

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle of Smallholder Farmers in Central Malawi

Epidemics of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Sudan between 2010 and 2020

Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection

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