“…Our findings regarding the effect of prior criminal record on the likelihood of arrest are not that surprising when one recognizes that considerable social stigma results from an individual being labeled as a criminal in our society (Jacobs, 2015). Research readily shows that a criminal label hinders prospects for employment (Pager, 2007), delays the onset of marriage (Huebner, 2005), attenuates the probability of being admitted to a university (Pierce et al., 2014), hampers the likelihood of securing of rental housing (Leasure & Martin, 2017), impedes the ability to vote (White, 2019), and manifests harmful health outcomes (Massoglia & Remster, 2019). Various family and environmental factors attributable to parental convictions and independent of self-reported offending, such as an erratic parental job record, poor housing, poor parental child-rearing (Farrington, 1979), and coming from a low-income family (Farrington, 2001), can also have a salient influence on the future criminal behavior of a youth.…”