“…Among the significant miR-DEs ( Figure 1 B, Table S2 ), we conducted an additional study with miR-21, widely recognized as a reliable oncogene in various cancers. 16 Based on our results, miR-21 was highly expressed in GBM samples compared with normal subjects ( Figures 1 C and S1 B). Figure 1 In silico analysis of GBM microarray datasets (A) To perform in silico analysis, batch effects between datasets were removed.…”
“…Among the significant miR-DEs ( Figure 1 B, Table S2 ), we conducted an additional study with miR-21, widely recognized as a reliable oncogene in various cancers. 16 Based on our results, miR-21 was highly expressed in GBM samples compared with normal subjects ( Figures 1 C and S1 B). Figure 1 In silico analysis of GBM microarray datasets (A) To perform in silico analysis, batch effects between datasets were removed.…”
“…Microvesicles were isolated from NSCs engineered to overexpress CXCR4 receptor and were used to carry anti-miR-21 and miR-100 and via intranasal route, and then the GBM cells became more sensitive to temozolomide [ 79 ]. In Nieland et al, miR-21 was knocked out by using CRISPR-Cas12a in immunocompetent mouse models which suppressed GBM growth and promoted overall survival [ 80 ]. In Singh et al, miR-155 mitigates angiotensin II receptor type-1-mediated angiogenesis to suppress GBM growth [ 81 ].…”
Section: Microrna-based Therapeutics Against Glioblastomamentioning
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant cancer that is fatal even after standard therapy and the effects of current available therapeutics are not promising due its complex and evolving epigenetic and genetic profile. The mysteries that lead to GBM intratumoral heterogeneity and subtype transitions are not entirely clear. Systems medicine is an approach to view the patient in a whole picture integrating systems biology and synthetic biology along with computational techniques. Since the GBM oncogenesis involves genetic mutations, various therapies including gene therapeutics based on CRISPR-Cas technique, MicroRNAs, and implanted synthetic cells endowed with synthetic circuits against GBM with neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells acting as potential vehicles carrying therapeutics via the intranasal route, avoiding the risks of invasive methods in order to reach the GBM cells in the brain are discussed and proposed in this review. Systems medicine approach is a rather novel strategy, and since the GBM of a patient is complex and unique, thus to devise an individualized treatment strategy to tailor personalized multimodal treatments for the individual patient taking into account the phenotype of the GBM, the unique body health profile of the patient and individual responses according to the systems medicine concept might show potential to achieve optimum effects.
“…These investigations have also explored the utility of extracellular vesicles as vehicles for the delivery of miRNAs, rendering GBM cells more susceptible to treatment [ 144 ]. Furthermore, the deployment of CRISPR-Cas12a technology for the knockout of miR-21 has exhibited substantial promise in curbing GBM progression and enhancing overall survival [ 145 ]. miR-155 has emerged as a key modulator of angiogenesis, effectively mitigating GBM growth [ 146 ].…”
Gliomas, a prevalent category of primary malignant brain tumors, pose formidable clinical challenges due to their invasive nature and limited treatment options. The current therapeutic landscape for gliomas is constrained by a “one-size-fits-all” paradigm, significantly restricting treatment efficacy. Despite the implementation of multimodal therapeutic strategies, survival rates remain disheartening. The conventional treatment approach, involving surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy, grapples with substantial limitations, particularly in addressing the invasive nature of gliomas. Conventional diagnostic tools, including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), play pivotal roles in outlining tumor characteristics. However, they face limitations, such as poor biological specificity and challenges in distinguishing active tumor regions. The ongoing development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches represents a multifaceted and promising frontier in the battle against this challenging brain tumor. The aim of this comprehensive review is to address recent advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches for gliomas. These innovations aim to minimize invasiveness while enabling the precise, multimodal targeting of localized gliomas. Researchers are actively developing new diagnostic tools, such as colorimetric techniques, electrochemical biosensors, optical coherence tomography, reflectometric interference spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and optical biosensors. These tools aim to regulate tumor progression and develop precise treatment methods for gliomas. Recent technological advancements, coupled with bioelectronic sensors, open avenues for new therapeutic modalities, minimizing invasiveness and enabling multimodal targeting with unprecedented precision. The next generation of multimodal therapeutic strategies holds potential for precision medicine, aiding the early detection and effective management of solid brain tumors. These innovations offer promise in adopting precision medicine methodologies, enabling early disease detection, and improving solid brain tumor management. This review comprehensively recognizes the critical role of pioneering therapeutic interventions, holding significant potential to revolutionize brain tumor therapeutics.
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