Critical Analysis of the Implementation of Clean India Mission in the Rural Areas: A Gender Perspective

Basnet​, Sahara; Hoque, Md Mahmudul

doi:10.1080/1554477x.2022.2115281

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Second, relative severity of harmfulnesskeeping children in child labor or removing them from it has been debated since the 1990s. In many poor and low-income communities, many families and households have been heavily dependent on the wages earned by minors (Dessy & Pallage, 2001;Basnet & Hoque, 2022). Citing empirical evidence from various such contexts, Maconachie et al (2021) argue that work (harmful or not) can be beneficial for children as it provides them with an opportunity to develop social skills and accumulate social capital.…”

Section: Hazardous Child Labor: Debates Of Harm and Acceptabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous Child Labor in Bangladesh: A Critical Evaluation of the Legal and Policy Framework Vis a Vis Practical Challenges

Hoque¹

2022

Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Children and Youth

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Bangladesh is a signatory of the International Labor Organization's two landmark conventions on child labor -No.138 on Minimum Age and No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. The Bangladesh Labor Act, 2006 prohibits the employment of any child in child labor's worst forms, including hazardous ones. To eliminate hazardous child labor (HCL) from the country, the government published a list of 38 activities/processes as hazardous to children. However, emerging data suggest that HCL still exists widely in the country, and the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the situation. The review of existing evidence and relevant reports evinces that the country's current policies inadequately address the status and remedies of HCL. Based on the author's desk review, observational experience and visual work, this paper evaluates the competence of the hazardous labor list and current legal protections for children. The findings suggest that lack of implementation, reporting and monitoring opens the floodgate for employers to informally employ children in hazardous work and take advantage of the legal lacunae. Destitute families and street children lack citizenship documents and become easy victims of exploitative employment. The analysis informs that the country's existing legislative framework and protection policies are critically inadequate to cease HCL in urban areas.

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Section: Hazardous Child Labor: Debates Of Harm and Acceptabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazardous Child Labor in Bangladesh: A Critical Evaluation of the Legal and Policy Framework Vis a Vis Practical Challenges

Hoque¹

2022

Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Children and Youth

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“…However, development project plans often lack clarity on exactly how this transformation is expected to occur. Even sanitation programs centered around women’s participation have adversely reinforced caste-based social hierarchies and gender roles through women’s passive participation in program planning and at community events. − Women’s decision making agency has been identified as a critical element of empowerment as well as a pathway to sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) improvements. , However, decision-making power may rest solely or mostly with men due to cultural perceptions of their knowledge and abilities and their positions as primary income generators. , In some instances, women’s attempts to push for sanitation improvement have been met with resistance, leading to negative social or safety impacts . Even in female-headed households, where women tend to control decision making, they face barriers including lower income, less accrued wealth, and poorer access to financing. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Sanitation Marketing Activities Increase Households’ Likelihoods of Reaching Improved Sanitation or Involving Women in Decision Making?

Vicario,

Annis,

Namakula

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Poor sanitation causes 30% of diarrheal deaths globally, and much of the world has struggled to finance top-down interventions. Sanitation marketing is a demand-led approach that uses a mixture of social and commercial marketing methods and direct sales to households. However, little is known about its impacts on household decision making. This mixed-methods study uses data from eight focus groups and 86,666 household surveys from participants in a five-year sanitation marketing program in Uganda. Logistic regression models identified 10 variables predicting attainment of improved (limited or basic) sanitation and four variables predicting female involvement in decision making. Triggering session attendance increased chances of reaching improved sanitation by 15−28%, depending on who attended, and by 19% if the household found the session motivational. Although women were engaged in decision-making conversations, they were not viewed as primary decision makers, even in female-headed households. Women were more likely to become involved in decision making if they had attended triggering sessions with men (+70%) or engaged with sales promoters alone (+74%) or with men (+78%). For both outcomes, joint activity engagement was more effective than male or female engagement alone. This work highlights two sanitation marketing activities as pathways to improving latrine coverage and women's decision-making agency.

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Understanding the role of structural factors and realities in normalizing child labour in urban slums of Bangladesh

Hoque

2023

Cogent Social Sciences

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Critical Analysis of the Implementation of Clean India Mission in the Rural Areas: A Gender Perspective

Cited by 4 publications

References 72 publications

Hazardous Child Labor in Bangladesh: A Critical Evaluation of the Legal and Policy Framework Vis a Vis Practical Challenges

Hazardous Child Labor in Bangladesh: A Critical Evaluation of the Legal and Policy Framework Vis a Vis Practical Challenges

Do Sanitation Marketing Activities Increase Households’ Likelihoods of Reaching Improved Sanitation or Involving Women in Decision Making?

Understanding the role of structural factors and realities in normalizing child labour in urban slums of Bangladesh

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