“…Single-diode model43 of solar PV cell. Different notations used in representing the single diode model are Iph-photon current, Id-diode current, Ip-shunt current, Vd-potential barrier voltage, Rs equivalent series resistance and Rp equivalent shunt resistance, V-PV module voltage, and I-PV module current [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Characteristic I-V curve of a practical PV device and the three remarkable points: short circuit (0, I SC ), MPP (V mp , I mp ), and open circuit (V OC , 0) η ¼ V mp I mp solar irradiance × area of the PV cell × 100: (5)…”