Critical incidents: investigation, management and training

Grieve, John; Crego, Jonathan; Griffiths, Bill

doi:10.4324/9780203118177.ch23

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Three developments are essential. First, respect for 'healthy scepticism' (Grieve, Crego, & Griffiths, 2007) needs to be guaranteed within organisations. Abduction is only 'safe' and possible where investigators know that they are permitted and encouraged to think differently, although that will often be interpreted as being 'awkward'.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current emphasis in the management of police investigations is on performance, on products rather than processes (Neyroud & Disley, 2007). The current emphasis in identifying and teaching investigative skills is on the behavioural and inter-personal skills rather than the cognitive (Grieve et al, 2007;NCPE, 2005;Smith & Flanagan, 2000). These emphases need to be corrected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Abduction of Sherlock Holmes

Carson

2009

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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All criminal investigations, and resulting trials, rely upon inferential reasoning. Theories, hypotheses and conclusions, are drawn from the evidence. The victim's blood was on the knife; we infer it was the murder weapon. The suspect's fingerprints are on the knife; we infer he killed the victim. Sherlock Holmes, although a fictional character, remains renowned as a great detective. However, his methodology, which was abduction rather than deduction, and which is innocently used by many real detectives, is rarely described, discussed or researched. This paper compares and contrasts the three forms of inferential reasoning and makes a case for articulating and developing the role of abduction in the work, and training, of police officers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Abduction of Sherlock Holmes

Carson

2009

International Journal of Police Science & Management

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“…Within the United Kingdom police service, key decision makers consult with a range of expert advisors in relation to a wide variety of important issues (Grieve, Crego, & Griffiths, 2007), making the examination of accountability and advice quality in crisis situations a pertinent issue. Crisis situations can range from hostage barricades, kidnappings, and suicide interventions to other potentially critical incidents where the, “effectiveness of the police response is likely to have a significant impact on the confidence of the victim, their family and/or the community” ([London] Metropolitan Police Service; MPS, 2006).…”

Section: Research Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of accountability on motivational goals and the quality of advice provided in crisis negotiations.

Waring¹,

Alison²,

Cunningham³

et al. 2013

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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This study investigated the impact of accountability on motivation for self-preservation and the quality of advice provided by negotiator advisors in a simulated suicide intervention. Accountability was manipulated across five sequential developments by increasing risk to lives and level of involvement in terms of tailoring advice to the situation. Seventy-seven police officers acted as negotiator advisors and rated their own perceived levels of accountability and motivational priorities regarding saving lives or self-preservation (protecting self from negative evaluation) at each point. At early stages within the incident, accountability was at its lowest point and was positively correlated with motivation to save lives. At latter stages (after a fatality), accountability was significantly elevated and significantly positively correlated with motivation for self-preservation. Further, at latter stages of the incident, accountability was negatively correlated with effective discrimination between relevant and irrelevant information (measured against a “gold standard” conducted with a panel of expert negotiators in the absence of time pressure). Thus, as perceived accountability increased, effective discrimination decreased. Findings indicate that especially high levels of accountability may hinder performance by compromising advisors' effectiveness in discriminating between relevant and irrelevant information. This may be a function of accountability encouraging the use of cognitively complex strategies, leading to an increase in cognitive load. The practical and theoretical implications of this are discussed.

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“…The context of policing in criminal investigations was selected as the focus for this study because within such complex, high profile, dynamic, and high stake environments (Alison & Crego, ) key decision makers frequently consult with a broad range of expert advisors. Indeed, Grieve, Crego, and Griffiths () note that, as such a wide variety of advisors are utilized by the police service, it would be easier to list what they do not give advice about rather than what they do contribute to policing. Surprisingly, despite a plethora of research on heuristic processing and decision bias, exploring concepts such as confirmation bias, whereby individuals seek out information to confirm their beliefs (Lord, Ross, & Lepper, ), and framing effects, whereby an aspect of an event is perceived as more/less probable based on the way in which information is presented (Mandel, ), little research has examined the specific influence of expert advice on the beliefs of police officers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When do we Believe Experts? The Power of the Unorthodox View

Alison

Almond

Christiansen

et al. 2012

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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This paper examines the extent to which orthodoxy (degree of typicality) and congruence (degree of similarity with own opinion) mediate the influence of expert advice on decision makers' judgments. Overall, 227 members of the public and 60 police officers completed an online questionnaire involving an investigation into a child sex offence. Participants were asked to first (i) formulate their own "profile" of a likely offender then (ii) estimate the guilt of two presented suspect descriptions (orthodox vs. unorthodox), and, following the presentation of an "expert's" profile that matched either the orthodox or the unorthodox suspect, (iii) re-evaluate their guilt judgments of the two suspects based on this new advice. Finally, (iv) the perceived similarity (congruence) between the participants' own and the expert profile was assessed. Results revealed two key findings. First, expert profiles that matched a suspect's description elevated perceptions of guilt in that suspect, whilst also, simultaneously, very significantly decreasing the perception of guilt of the alternative suspect. This suggests a powerful rejection and downward revision of the other suspect. Second, perceived similarity of the profile (to one's own profile) was only a significant factor in increasing guilt judgments when assigning guilt to the unorthodox (as opposed to orthodox) suspect. Comparisons of lay judgments with those of police officers revealed few significant differences in effects. The finding that advice is most influential when unorthodox and incongruent suggests that decision makers are more likely to reevaluate judgments when expert advice contributes novel information that contradicts their beliefs. The practical implications of these findings are discussed for profilers, police, and decision research in general.

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Critical incidents: investigation, management and training

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The Abduction of Sherlock Holmes

The Abduction of Sherlock Holmes

The impact of accountability on motivational goals and the quality of advice provided in crisis negotiations.

When do we Believe Experts? The Power of the Unorthodox View

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