Critical Issues Raised by Operations for Gender Transmutation

Kubie, Lawrence S.; Mackie, James B.

doi:10.1097/00005053-196811000-00001

Cited by 51 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Within this view, some researchers (e.g., Freund, Langevin, Zajac, Steiner, & Zajac, 1974) have suggested that transsexuals are psychologically normal and that any concomitant emotional problems are the result of, .rather than the cause of, gender dysphoria. The other major model maintains that transsexualism consistently arises from severe psychological conflict in which gender identity is never clearly established and, thus, remains ambiguous (e.g., Hoenig, Kenna, & Voud, 1970;Kubie & Mackie, 1968;Lothstein, 1983;Meerloo, 1967;Meyer, 1974;Person & Ovesey, 1974a, 1974bVolkan & Masri, 1989). Within the framework of this theory, transsexualism has been considered by some theorists to be a variation of borderline personality organization or other serious forms of psychological disturbance (e.g., Volkan, 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%

MMPI and Rorschach Characteristics of Individuals Approved for Gender Reassignment Surgery

Caron¹,

Archer

1997

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Results of past empirical studies utilizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Rorschach Inkblot Test (Rorschach) have tended to be equivocal regarding the level and nature of psychopathology associated with samples of individuals requesting gender reassignment surgery. The present study compared the MMPI-2 basic scale T scores from a gender reassignment applicant sample (56 male-to-female transsexuals and 56 female-to-male transsexuals) to T scores obtained from a general psychiatric adult inpatient sample (n = 112) and T scores obtained from a normal adult sample (n = 112). The comparison groups were matched to the gender reassignment sample on the variables of biological gender and age. Rorschach data obtained from the gender reassignment sample were also compared to frequency data reported by Exner for normal, character disorder, and schizophrenic adults. Apart from a clinical range elevation on Scale 5, the gender reassignment candidates produced a normal range mean MMPI-2 profile. In contrast, the Rorschach findings suggested that reassignment candidates produce a high frequency of invalid protocols and manifest various psychological problems that are characteristic of individuals with personality disorders. These findings are discussed in terms of salient methodological and theoretical issues as well as promising directions for future research.

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confidence: 99%

MMPI and Rorschach Characteristics of Individuals Approved for Gender Reassignment Surgery

Caron¹,

Archer

1997

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“…Kubie & Mackie, 1968). Otto Fenichel (1897Fenichel ( -1946, who was the first psychoanalyst to adopt Hirschfeld's concept of transvestitism, also followed Ellis' theory of the transvestite's complete emotional identification with their sexual object.…”

Section: The Scientific and Clinical Examination Of Transsexualism: Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1968, psychoanalyst Lawrence S. Kubie criticised the common attitude of professionals who endorsed somatical cross-sex treatment, and their denial of any possibility of a psychoanalytical influence on transsexual symptoms (Kubie & Mackie, 1968). He accused them of not distinguishing between different psychotherapeutical approaches and also of citing only those colleagues who published unsuccessful psychotherapy.…”

Section: The Scientific and Clinical Examination Of Transsexualism: Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tertium non datur– either/or reactions to transsexualism amongst health care professionals: the situation past and present, and its relevance to the future

Nieder

Richter‐Appelt

2011

Psychology & Sexuality

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According to the principle of the excluded third (tertium non datur) the gender binary divides our social life into two options only: male or female. Similarly, either/or reactions also seem to be applied by people dealing professionally with issues of transsexualism, transgenderism or related statuses. For instance, the history of transsexualism is characterised by attempts to classify transsexual people hierarchically and descriptively. The primary intention was to discriminate between different types of transsexualism to prescribe hormonal and surgical treatment for 'real' transsexual people and to recommend psychotherapy aiming at relieving gender dysphoria for all the others. In this regard, from the early beginnings sexologists have argued about the origins of transsexualism, because the type of origin -the professionals assumed -legitimises a specific kind of treatment, for example psychotherapy for psychological issues and somatic cross-sex treatment for biological issues. Consequently, psychoanalysts and biologically orientated professionals have debated at great lengths about state-of-the-art treatment for transsexual people. Furthermore, to pass as a 'real' transsexual, most of the people concerned presented themselves in a very schematic way.The main focus of this article is the long-standing history of either/or reactions in health care professionals dealing with issues of transsexualism and related states. In addition, it elaborates on the iatrogenic influence on the behaviour of transsexual people of the biases of health care professionals. Finally, in highlighting perspectives of recent trans theory, conclusions important for the debate of current issues are drawn and ideas for the future of care are developed.

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“…For background informa tion the reader is referred to the selected bibliography appended to this paper (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) which also assisted in the design of the pro ject. When reviewing the literature at the time of the conception of this study, it be came clear that a thorough and consistent data base was necessary, and this influenced the design of the protocol outline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Gender Identity Project

Steiner

Zajac

Mohr

1974

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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A Gender Identity Project was established to study people who present with the chief complaint of transsexualism. A multidisciplinary approach was chosen and patients were investigated from the genetic, neuroendocrinological, psychological, and social aspects. The organization of the project and the protocol for evaluation of the patients are outlined. The investigators hope that almost all cases seen for evaluation, including those who dropped out and those who have been rejected in the process, will be seen for follow-up and that this will provide some indication of how to help these people. The findings of the study, together with reports on the studies which arose as extensions of the original investigation, will be reported in subsequent publications.

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Critical Issues Raised by Operations for Gender Transmutation

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

MMPI and Rorschach Characteristics of Individuals Approved for Gender Reassignment Surgery

MMPI and Rorschach Characteristics of Individuals Approved for Gender Reassignment Surgery

Tertium non datur– either/or reactions to transsexualism amongst health care professionals: the situation past and present, and its relevance to the future

A Gender Identity Project

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