Critical metals for electromobility: Global demand scenarios for passenger vehicles, 2015–2050

Habib, Komal; Hansdóttir, Snjólaug Tinna; Habib, Hina

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104603

Cited by 122 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In addition, the concentration of the population into urban regions may affect demand levels for transportation, particularly for passenger cars [56] and household fuel cells. Nevertheless, in order to promote the penetration of hydrogen into society, it is essential to pay attention to the critical resources necessary for its production and use as these materials are considered vital yet are constrained due to supply risks [50,[56][57][58][59]. Finally, in Japan, addressing the diverse perceptions toward hydrogen energy use compared with conventional energy types among stakeholders may be effective in smoothening the implementation of the hydrogen energy system [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Hydrogen in Achieving Long Term Japanese Energy System Goals

et al. 2020

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This research qualitatively reviews literature regarding energy system modeling in Japan specific to the future hydrogen economy, leveraging quantitative model outcomes to establish the potential future deployment of hydrogen in Japan. The analysis focuses on the four key sectors of storage, supplementing the gas grid, power generation, and transportation, detailing the potential range of hydrogen technologies which are expected to penetrate Japanese energy markets up to 2050 and beyond. Alongside key model outcomes, the appropriate policy settings, governance and market mechanisms are described which underpin the potential hydrogen economy future for Japan. We find that transportation, gas grid supplementation, and storage end-uses may emerge in significant quantities due to policies which encourage ambitious implementation targets, investment in technologies and research and development, and the emergence of a future carbon pricing regime. On the other hand, for Japan which will initially be dependent on imported hydrogen, the cost of imports appears critical to the emergence of broad hydrogen usage, particularly in the power generation sector. Further, the consideration of demographics in Japan, recognizing the aging, shrinking population and peoples’ energy use preferences will likely be instrumental in realizing a smooth transition toward a hydrogen economy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Hydrogen in Achieving Long Term Japanese Energy System Goals

et al. 2020

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“…Lithium will see demand growth by over 40 times, graphite, cobalt and nickel by 20-25 times and REEs demand to triple by 2040 in a sustainable development scenario modelled by the International Energy Agency 168 . To meet the demand for technology materials, several new mines, mineral processing plants and refineries will need to be developed 169 . The opportunity exists now, at the beginning of marked demand increase, to identify projects that have environmentally favourable conditions and support those projects that progress to quantify and mini mize environmental impacts by utilizing integrated LCAs and integrated geometallurgy approaches.…”

Section: Summary and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable extraction of technology materials through integrated approaches

Pell

Tijsseling²,

Goodenough

et al. 2021

Nat Rev Earth Environ

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The transition to a low-carbon economy will be material-intensive. Production of these materials (from mining to manufacturing) incurs environmental costs that vary widely, depending on the geology, mineralogy, extraction routes, type of product, purity of product, background system or manufacturing infrastructure. Understanding the impacts of the raw materials underpinning the low-carbon economy is essential for eliminating any dissonance between the benefits of renewable technologies and the impacts associated with the production of the raw materials. In this Review, we propose an integrated life cycle assessment and geometallurgical approach to optimize the technical performance and reduce the environmental impact of raw material extraction. Life cycle assessments are an effective way of understanding the system-wide impacts associated with material production, from ore in the ground to a refined chemical product ready to be used in advanced technologies such as batteries. In the geometallurgy approach, geologists select exploration targets with resource characteristics that lend themselves to lower environmental impacts, often considering factors throughout the exploration and development process. Combining these two approaches allows for more accurate and dynamic optimization of technology materials resource efficiency, based on in situ ore properties and process simulations. By applying these approaches at the development phase of projects, a future low-carbon economy can be achieved that is built from ingredients with a lower environmental impact.

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“…The goal of economical and sustainable battery cell production remains a key element on the way to establishing electromobility as a green technology of the future [1]. Sustainable process management and development also includes the economic recycling and recirculation of materials used in cell production with a simultaneously low energy input, which leads to a reduction of the ecological CO 2 footprint in battery cell production [2][3][4][5]. Therefore, the establishment and sustainable further development of an internationally leading, competitive battery cell production must go hand in hand with the development of appropriate recycling technologies [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Doose

Mayer

Michalowski

et al. 2021

Metals

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The global use of lithium-ion batteries of all types has been increasing at a rapid pace for many years. In order to achieve the goal of an economical and sustainable battery industry, the recycling and recirculation of materials is a central element on this path. As the achievement of high 95% recovery rates demanded by the European Union for some metals from today’s lithium ion batteries is already very challenging, the question arises of how the process chains and safety of battery recycling as well as the achievement of closed material cycles are affected by the new lithium battery generations, which are supposed to enter the market in the next 5 to 10 years. Based on a survey of the potential development of battery technology in the next years, where a diversification between high-performance and cost-efficient batteries is expected, and today’s knowledge on recycling, the challenges and chances of the new battery generations regarding the development of recycling processes, hazards in battery dismantling and recycling, as well as establishing a circular economy are discussed. It becomes clear that the diversification and new developments demand a proper separation of battery types before recycling, for example by a transnational network of dismantling and sorting locations, and flexible and high sophisticated recycling processes with case-wise higher safety standards than today. Moreover, for the low-cost batteries, recycling of the batteries becomes economically unattractive, so legal stipulations become important. However, in general, it must be still secured that closing the material cycle for all battery types with suitable processes is achieved to secure the supply of raw materials and also to further advance new developments.

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Critical metals for electromobility: Global demand scenarios for passenger vehicles, 2015–2050

Cited by 122 publications

References 20 publications

The Role of Hydrogen in Achieving Long Term Japanese Energy System Goals

The Role of Hydrogen in Achieving Long Term Japanese Energy System Goals

Towards sustainable extraction of technology materials through integrated approaches

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

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