Critical Review of Synthesis, Toxicology and Detection of Acyclovir

Abstract

Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective and selective antiviral drug, and the study of its toxicology and the use of appropriate detection techniques to control its toxicity at safe levels are extremely important for medicine efforts and human health. This review discusses the mechanism driving ACV’s ability to inhibit viral coding, starting from its development and pharmacology. A comprehensive summary of the existing preparation methods and synthetic materials, such as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide, guanine and its derivatives, and other purine derivatives, is presented to elucidate the preparation of ACV in detail. In addition, it presents valuable analytical procedures for the toxicological studies of ACV, which are essential for human use and dosing. Analytical methods, including spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI-CL) are also highlighted. A brief description of the characteristics of each of these methods is also presented. Finally, insight is provided for the development of ACV to drive further innovation of ACV in pharmaceutical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the past life and future challenges of ACV.

A Review: Zinc as an Antivirus Alternative Treatment for Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

“…The use of acyclovir has several adverse effects, including malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches [23]. Administration of these antivirus drugs has various side effects, from mild to severe, including dizziness, fatigue, abdominal pain, alopecia, confusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), anemia, and angioedema [23].…”

“…The use of acyclovir has several adverse effects, including malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches [23]. Administration of these antivirus drugs has various side effects, from mild to severe, including dizziness, fatigue, abdominal pain, alopecia, confusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), anemia, and angioedema [23]. In the parenteral administration of acyclovir, acute kidney injury may occur, patient with history of chronic kidney disease are strongly discouraged from using this regimen [24].…”

“…As previously explained that the treatment option for cases of HSV infection is to use antivirus drugs such as acyclovir and famciclovir [2]. The use of these drugs is known to be effective in suppressing viral replication and reducing recurrence, but on the other hand, these drugs also have various side effects and some sources state that there is resistance to this antivirus [23]. Because of this, various studies have been developed to look for alternative therapies that can be used for the treatment HSV infection.…”

Review of Drug Therapy for Peripheral Facial Nerve Regeneration That Can Be Used in Actual Clinical Practice

“…Valacyclovir and famciclovir are nucleic acid analogs similar to acyclovir with a covalent mechanism of action that interferes with the function of viral DNA polymerase. Each antiviral agent differs primarily in terms of the bioavailability, half-life in the body, and dosing [ 135 , 136 ].…”

Cotard’s syndrome resulting from acyclovir treatment in patients with impaired renal function – literature review

“…Acyclovir binds to plasma proteins at 15-30% and penetrates into organs and breast milk. Its concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid is 30-50% of the blood concentration (Wei et al, 2021;Rafailidis et al, 2010;Figlerowicz, 2003).…”