Critical roles of non-coding RNAs in lifecycle and biology of Marek’s disease herpesvirus

Abstract

Over the past two decades, numerous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified in different biological systems including virology, especially in large DNA viruses such as herpesviruses. As a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes an important immunosuppressive and rapid-onset neoplastic disease of poultry, namely Marek’s disease (MD). Vaccinations can efficiently prevent the onset of MD lymphomas and other clinical disease, often heralded as the first successful example of vaccination-based control of cancer. MDV infection is also an excellent model for research into virally-induced tumorigenesis. Recently, great progress has been made in understanding the functions of ncRNAs in MD biology. Herein, we give a review of the discovery and identification of MDV-encoded viral miRNAs, focusing on the genomics, expression profiles, and emerging critical roles of MDV-1 miRNAs as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or tumor suppressor genes involved in the induction of MD lymphomas. We also described the involvements of host cellular miRNAs, lincRNAs, and circRNAs participating in MDV life cycle, pathogenesis, and/or tumorigenesis. The prospects, strategies, and new techniques such as the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing applicable for further investigation into the ncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in MDV pathogenesis/oncogenesis were also discussed, together with the possibilities of future studies on antiviral therapy and the development of new efficient MD vaccines.

Effect of Pre-Treatment with a Recombinant Chicken Interleukin-17A on Vaccine Induced Immunity against a Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

“…Specific regulatory processes can suppress mRNA transcription, thereby leading to no or limited protein expression. MDV is known to express and stimulate the expression of an array of micro RNAs that impact the host cellular machinery [ 40 ]. At mucosal sites, IL-17 may have protective roles by enhancing the Th1 response in host defenses against infectious diseases and promoting the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses [ 33 ].…”

An Overview of Emergency Logistics Routing and Location: Models and Future Research Directions

“…In the location problem, scholars often use geographic information systems, spatial analysis technology, intelligent algorithm optimization and other methods to study. Teng Hongjun et al, based on the risk assessment data of earthquake disasters, used the ArcGIS platform to form a Voronoi diagram to express the zoning scheme of earthquake emergency preparedness visually and then considered the demand weight and used LINGO software programming to solve it to obtain the location selection scheme of logistics distribution center based on earthquake emergency preparedness, which provided a reference for regions to improve the ability of earthquake emergency logistics management [8]. Sun et alproposed the IABC algorithm to solve the problem of emergency logistics center location to minimize total cost and maximize customer satisfaction [9].…”

Immune escape of avian oncogenic Marek’s disease herpesvirus and antagonistic host immune responses

“…MDV also encodes proteins that interfere with and modulate the host immune system, thus allowing viruses to establish lifelong persistent infection 22 . In addition to viral proteins, noncoding RNA genes (ncRNAs) are also involved in the MDV lifecycle, oncogenesis, and even immunoregulation 23 . In particular, some MDV-1-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) recognize both viral and/or cellular genes to evade host innate and acquired immune mechanisms through epigenetic control and/or posttranslational regulation of mRNA targets.…”